Nokea
About the mineralocorticoid antagonists (MRAs) which of the following is correct?
- A. Patiromer is a new MRA
- B. Losartan is a MRA
- C. MRAs can cause hypokalemia
- D. Finerenone is a novel nonsteroidal MRA
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: MRAs finerenone's new, not patiromer, losartan; hyperkalemia, albumin cuts fit. Nurses tap this chronic kidney tweak.
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A nurse is creating a plan of care for an oncology patient and one of the identified nursing diagnoses is risk for infection related to myelosuppression. What intervention addresses the leading cause of infection-related death in oncology patients?
- A. Encourage several small meals daily
- B. Provide skin care to maintain skin integrity
- C. Assist the patient with hygiene, as needed
- D. Assess the integrity of the patient's oral mucosa regularly
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Myelosuppression from chemo or cancer slashes white cells, making infection a top killer sepsis often starts at breached barriers like skin. Maintaining skin integrity via cleansing and protection stops bugs (e.g., Staph) from sneaking in, directly tackling this risk. Small meals fight malnutrition, a secondary factor, not the leading death driver. Hygiene helps, but it's broad, not specific to the prime entry point. Oral mucosa checks catch stomatitis, another risk, but skin's the bigger battlefield in oncology stats. Nurses prioritize this, knowing intact skin's the first defense against fatal infections in these fragile patients.
Tetanus:
- A. is caused by clostridium tetani endotoxin
- B. is associated with a better prognosis if the incubation period is short
- C. can be manifest by rigidity of muscles in close proximity to the area of the initial injury
- D. usually presents with weakness in the extremities which then progresses to the facial muscles
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tetanus exotoxin, not endo, long incubation's better, local rigidity fits, not weakness march, autonomic storms. Nurses lock this chronic spasm tale.
The nurse is caring for a 55-year-old male who presented to this primary physician's office for his yearly check-up. Upon the physical assessment, the provider noted enlarged lymph nodes in the groin and neck region. The provider Questioned Joe regarding the possible causes of the finding. Which of the following diagnosis are consistent with this finding?
- A. Leukemia
- B. Lymphoma
- C. Sickle cell anemia
- D. Polycythemia vera
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lymphoma swells nodes neck and groin lumps fit this cancer's lymphoid sprawl, a diagnosis matching this check-up find. Leukemia bones out, sickle cell pains, polycythemia thickens none node-centric. Nurses tie this to lymphoma, anticipating biopsy, a nodal tale in this cancer hunt.
The physician tells the patient that there will be an initial course of treatment with continued maintenance treatments and ongoing observation for signs and symptoms over a prolonged period of time. You can help the patient by reinforcing that the primary goal for this type of treatment is:
- A. Cure
- B. Control
- C. Palliation
- D. Permanent remission
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The physician's plan initial treatment, maintenance, and long-term monitoring suggests a chronic cancer unamenable to cure, aiming instead to control growth and spread. Control stabilizes disease, extending life and quality, unlike cure, which eradicates cancer, or permanent remission, implying no recurrence both unfeasible here. Palliation focuses on symptom relief, not longevity, misaligning with ongoing treatments. Reinforcing control clarifies expectations, reducing anxiety by framing therapy as proactive management, not defeat. Nurses bolster this by explaining observation's role in adjusting care, aligning patient understanding with realistic goals, vital for adherence and emotional resilience in prolonged cancer battles.
Why are endothelial cells in particular sensitive to the damage caused by high plasma glucose levels?
- A. Endothelial cells have a high metabolic activity
- B. Endothelial cells cannot regulate the glucose uptake
- C. Endothelial cells have a low level of antioxidants
- D. All statements provided above are correct
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Endothelial cells drown in glucose no uptake brakes, high sugar slams them, not just metabolism or low shields. A chronic vessel weak spot nurses watch this sugar soak.