Nokea
According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is four-year-old R'Monte who engages in make-believe play by stirring beads in a bowl and saying, "Soup is ready!"?
- A. sensorimotor
- B. preoperational
- C. concrete operational
- D. sociocultural
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, four-year-old Rƒ¢¢â€š¬¢â€ž¢Monte's engagement in make-believe play, such as pretending to stir beads in a bowl and creating imaginary soup, indicates that he is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. This stage is characterized by symbolic thinking, pretend play, language development, and egocentrism. Choice A, sensorimotor, is incorrect as this stage occurs in infancy and focuses on sensory experiences and object permanence. Choice C, concrete operational, is incorrect as this stage occurs around ages 7-11 and involves logical reasoning about concrete events. Choice D, sociocultural, is incorrect as it does not correspond to Piaget's stages of cognitive development.
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Before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place __________.
- A. at home and was a family-centered event
- B. at home, but away from other family members
- C. in a hospital with trained midwives
- D. in the home of a medical professional or in a hospital
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place at home and was a family-centered event. During this period, most women gave birth at home with the help of family members and possibly a midwife. Hospitals were not common settings for childbirth at that time. Choice B is incorrect because childbirth was not typically done away from family members. Choice C is incorrect because hospitals were not the common setting for childbirth before the late 1800s. Choice D is incorrect because giving birth in the home of a medical professional or a hospital was not the norm during that period.
By using which method of assignment of participants to treatment conditions, investigators increase the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups?
- A. sequential
- B. random
- C. systematic
- D. correlational
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: By using random assignment of participants to treatment conditions, investigators increase the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups. Random assignment helps reduce the likelihood of bias in the selection process and ensures that any differences between groups are due to the treatment and not pre-existing group differences. Sequential, systematic, and correlational assignment methods do not provide the same level of assurance in distributing participants' characteristics equally across treatment groups.
During pregnancy, the placenta __________.
- A. forms in the second trimester of pregnancy
- B. encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid
- C. contains one large vein that delivers nutrients to the embryo
- D. delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The placenta delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism during pregnancy. It is a temporary organ that forms in the first trimester of pregnancy. Choice A is incorrect as the placenta forms in the first trimester, not the second trimester. Choice B is incorrect as the amniotic sac, not the placenta, encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid. Choice C is incorrect as the placenta contains blood vessels (arteries and veins) that deliver nutrients to the embryo, not just one large vein.
Which statement about the Nurse-Family Partnership is true?
- A. It is an international program to reduce the risk of teratogens.
- B. One of its goals is to promote competent early caregiving.
- C. It is a series of childbirth classes offered at many U.S. hospitals.
- D. It provides family planning and genetic counseling to couples.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The statement that is true about the Nurse-Family Partnership is that one of its goals is to promote competent early caregiving. The program provides support and guidance to first-time mothers to help them develop their caregiving skills and promote healthy child development. Choice A is incorrect because the program focuses on promoting healthy child development and supporting mothers, not specifically reducing the risk of teratogens. Choice C is incorrect because the Nurse-Family Partnership is not a series of childbirth classes but a program that involves home visits and support. Choice D is incorrect because the program's main focus is on supporting mothers in caregiving and child development, not primarily on family planning and genetic counseling.
Which statement about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is true?
- A. About 30 percent of all new HIV infections affect women.
- B. In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.
- C. About 30 percent of new HIV infections occur in developing countries.
- D. Untreated HIV-infected mothers pass the virus to the fetus 30 percent of the time.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.' This statement is true as South Africa has a high prevalence of HIV among pregnant women, emphasizing the need for interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Choice A is inaccurate as women account for more than 50% of new HIV infections globally. Choice C is misleading as the majority of new HIV infections actually occur in sub-Saharan Africa, not just developing countries. Choice D is also incorrect as without treatment, the risk of mother-to-child transmission is higher than 30%.