Nokea
According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is four-year-old R'Monte who engages in make-believe play by stirring beads in a bowl and saying, "Soup is ready!"?
- A. sensorimotor
- B. preoperational
- C. concrete operational
- D. sociocultural
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, four-year-old Rƒ¢¢â€š¬¢â€ž¢Monte's engagement in make-believe play, such as pretending to stir beads in a bowl and creating imaginary soup, indicates that he is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. This stage is characterized by symbolic thinking, pretend play, language development, and egocentrism. Choice A, sensorimotor, is incorrect as this stage occurs in infancy and focuses on sensory experiences and object permanence. Choice C, concrete operational, is incorrect as this stage occurs around ages 7-11 and involves logical reasoning about concrete events. Choice D, sociocultural, is incorrect as it does not correspond to Piaget's stages of cognitive development.
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In a longitudinal design, participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older.
- A. cross-sectional
- B. experimental
- C. longitudinal
- D. correlational
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: longitudinal. In a longitudinal design, participants are followed and studied over an extended period, allowing researchers to observe changes and continuity in development as individuals age. This design is crucial for understanding how individuals grow and change over time. Cross-sectional studies (Choice A) involve comparing different groups at the same time point, while experimental studies (Choice B) involve manipulating variables to observe their effects. Correlational studies (Choice D) examine relationships between variables but do not involve studying participants over time.
Under ethical standards, when is deception permitted in research studies?
- A. if the participants are young enough that they would not understand the deception
- B. if investigators satisfy institutional review boards that such practices are necessary
- C. if researchers can observe participants from behind one-way mirrors
- D. if the participants give informed consent and the researchers never reveal the real purpose of the study
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if investigators satisfy institutional review boards that such practices are necessary. Institutional review boards are responsible for ensuring that research studies comply with ethical guidelines and protect the welfare of study participants. Deception should only be used when necessary, and the board's approval indicates that safeguards are in place to minimize harm to participants. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because ethical deception in research studies is not based on the age of participants, observing from behind mirrors, or obtaining informed consent without revealing the study's real purpose.
During Irina's first week of pregnancy, __________.
- A. heart muscles begin to develop
- B. the zygote multiplies and forms a blastocyst
- C. a primitive brain and spinal cord appear
- D. the embryo can move
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During the first week of pregnancy, the zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions and forms a blastocyst. This is a crucial stage where the cells differentiate and specialize, setting the foundation for the development of the embryo. It is during this time that the zygote implants itself into the uterine wall, initiating the process of pregnancy. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because during the first week of pregnancy, the focus is on the initial development and multiplication of the zygote, not on the development of heart muscles, a primitive brain and spinal cord, or the embryo's ability to move.
One criticism of Freud's psychosexual theory was that it __________.
- A. did not apply to other cultures
- B. underemphasized the influence of sexual feelings
- C. compared human development to the evolution of the human species
- D. offered too narrow a view of important environmental influences
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: One criticism of Freud's psychosexual theory was that it did not apply to other cultures. Freud developed his theory based on observations and cases from his clinical practice in a specific cultural context, mainly Western society. This limited cultural scope raised concerns about the generalizability and applicability of his theories to diverse cultural settings. Choice B is incorrect because Freud's theory actually emphasized the significant influence of sexual feelings on human development. Choice C is incorrect because Freud's theory focused on stages of psychosexual development rather than comparing human development to the evolution of the human species. Choice D is incorrect because Freud's psychosexual theory considered environmental influences, although it primarily centered on internal drives and conflicts.
Like Piaget's theory, the information-processing approach __________.
- A. divides development into stages
- B. views development as discontinuous
- C. regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking
- D. has much to say about nonlinear cognition, such as imagination and creativity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking.' The information-processing approach, similar to Piaget's theory, focuses on how individuals actively process information, encode it, store it, and retrieve it to understand the world around them. Choices A and B are incorrect because the information-processing approach does not necessarily divide development into stages or view development as discontinuous. Choice D is incorrect because the information-processing approach is more concerned with cognitive processes like encoding, storage, and retrieval, rather than nonlinear cognition such as imagination and creativity.