Nokea
The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model is the __________.
- A. microsystem
- B. macrosystem
- C. exosystem
- D. mesosystem
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model is the macrosystem. This level refers to the broader cultural context that shapes the values, laws, customs, and resources of a particular society. It includes factors such as ideology, political systems, societal norms, and cultural influences that impact development at all other levels within the model.
Choice A, microsystem, refers to the immediate environment or setting in which an individual lives and interacts. Choice C, exosystem, involves settings that individuals do not directly experience but still influence them. Choice D, mesosystem, refers to the connections between various aspects of an individual's microsystem.
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Low-level radiation, resulting from industrial leakage or medical X-rays, __________.
- A. is harmful only when combined with other teratogens
- B. can increase the risk of childhood cancer
- C. rarely causes lasting damage
- D. is safe during the last trimester
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Low-level radiation, whether from industrial leakage or medical X-rays, can increase the risk of childhood cancer by potentially damaging the developing fetus's cells. Even though the risk is relatively low, it is still a significant concern that should be acknowledged and monitored closely, especially during prenatal development. Choice A is incorrect as low-level radiation can still be harmful on its own without the need to be combined with other teratogens. Choice C is incorrect because low-level radiation exposure can indeed cause lasting damage, especially in the context of childhood cancer risk. Choice D is incorrect because low-level radiation exposure, even during the last trimester, can pose risks to the developing fetus and is not considered entirely safe.
The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is __________.
- A. static and stable
- B. multidimensional and multidirectional
- C. continuous, rather than discontinuous
- D. largely the result of heredity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is multidimensional and multidirectional. This means that development occurs in various domains (such as physical, cognitive, and psychosocial) and can involve gains and losses as individuals age. This perspective recognizes that human development is complex and dynamic, involving various factors and pathways over the course of a person's life. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because human development is not static and stable (A), can involve both continuous and discontinuous changes (C), and is influenced by a combination of heredity and environment rather than solely by heredity (D).
In a correlational design, researchers __________.
- A. gather information on individuals without altering their experiences
- B. divide events and behaviors of interest into two types: dependent and independent variables
- C. use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions
- D. directly control or manipulate changes in the independent variable
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In a correlational design, researchers gather information on individuals without altering their experiences. Correlational studies examine the relationship between two or more variables without any manipulation or control by the researchers. The researchers simply observe and measure the variables of interest without intervening in any way. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they describe aspects related to experimental designs rather than correlational designs. In an experimental design, researchers manipulate variables, assign participants to different treatment conditions, and control changes in the independent variable, which is not the case in correlational studies.
Which of the following best describes a sequential design?
- A. Does not address diversity in developmental outcomes.
- B. Permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating.
- C. Is less efficient than a longitudinal design.
- D. Makes cross-sectional, but not longitudinal, comparisons.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A sequential design permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating. This design involves combining cross-sectional and longitudinal research, allowing for the comparison of different cohorts at different ages. By using this approach, researchers can determine if developmental changes observed are due to age or generation-specific factors. Therefore, a sequential design is valuable in addressing the potential influence of cohort effects on developmental outcomes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because a sequential design does not neglect diversity in developmental outcomes, is not necessarily less efficient than a longitudinal design, and can make both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons.
__________, a strong type of painkiller used in labor and delivery, blocks sensation.
- A. Anesthetics
- B. Analgesics
- C. Anti-inflammatories
- D. Folic acids
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Anesthetics, such as epidurals, are a strong type of painkiller used in labor and delivery that block sensation. They work by numbing the nerves in the lower part of the spine, providing pain relief during childbirth. Choice B, Analgesics, are pain relievers that reduce pain without causing loss of consciousness, but they are not as strong as anesthetics for labor pain. Choice C, Anti-inflammatories, are medications that reduce inflammation and do not directly block sensation like anesthetics. Choice D, Folic acids, are a type of B vitamin crucial for cell growth and metabolism, not used as painkillers in labor and delivery.