Nokea
According to the McGinnis model of 2002, what percentage of health differences between people is related to their behaviour?
- A. 10%
- B. 20%
- C. 30%
- D. 40%
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: McGinnis pegs behaviour smoking, eating at 40% of health gaps, big over genes or care. Nurses lean on this, a chronic choice chunk.
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Officially approved blood glucose meters used for self-testing and point-of-care diagnostics are not always suitable to measure the blood glucose values in neonates. Question: What is the main cause for this?
- A. Some meters are calibrated to plasma glucose and other meters to blood glucose
- B. Some measurement methods are sensitive to high levels of ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
- C. The measurement variation of some meters is too large
- D. Some meters are sensitive to abnormal haematocrit values
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neonate glucose flubs haematocrit swings throw meters off, not calibration, vitamin C, or variance. Nurses adjust for this, a chronic baby glitch.
A client suffering from a narcotic overdose is seen in the Emergency Department. The client is confused, with warm, flushed skin, headache, and weakness. Vital signs of noted are temperature 102.6 F, heart rate 128 beats/minute, respirations 24 breaths/minute, and blood pressure 130/86 mm Hg. A blood gas analysis sample was drawn on room air, and the results are as follows: pH 7.33 PaCO2 53 mm Hg, PaO2 72 mm Hg, HCO3 24 mEq/L. This client is at risk for which of the following?
- A. Metabolic alkalosis
- B. Respiratory alkalosis
- C. Respiratory acidosis
- D. Metabolic acidosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Narcotics depress breathing pH 7.33 (low), PaCO2 53 mm Hg (high) signal respiratory acidosis, as CO2 piles up from hypoventilation, a classic overdose trap. PaO2 72 mm Hg shows mild hypoxia; HCO3 24 mEq/L hasn't compensated yet. Alkalosis needs low CO2 or high HCO3; metabolic acidosis drops HCO3. Nurses spot this, anticipating oxygen or reversal, a breath-stifled risk in this opioid haze.
Characteristics of acute pain do not include:
- A. Recent onset
- B. Attributable to specific injury or disease
- C. Lasts from a few minutes to less than 6 months
- D. Unable to be relieved by analgesia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acute pain fresh, tied to harm, short-lived yields to pills, not stubborn. Nurses spot this, a chronic pain foil.
A nurse is caring for a client recently diagnosed with pericarditis. Which of the following is a common assessment finding with this disorder?
- A. Elevated troponin
- B. Pericardial friction rub
- C. Heart failure
- D. ST-segment depression
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pericarditis rubs the sac pericardial friction rub, a scratchy sound, marks inflammation, a common find as layers grate. Troponin rises with muscle damage, not here. Heart failure or ST depression hints tamponade or ischemia, not direct. Nurses auscultate this rub, tying it to pericarditis's irritated core, a diagnostic bellwether.
In the UK, appropriate statements concerning the trauma network include:
- A. Major trauma centres, but not minor trauma units, need facilities to deal with polytrauma patients.
- B. Hospitals dealing with trauma are expected to contribute data to the Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) database.
- C. Within their network, trauma units have transfer arrangements for moving seriously injured patients to major trauma centres.
- D. Trauma networks have an ambulance protocol for bypassing the nearest unit for injuries that may be best treated at a distant specialist centre.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The UK trauma network, established pre-2014, enhances care coordination. Major trauma centres (MTCs) handle polytrauma; trauma units manage less severe cases, though both need capabilities severity dictates MTC referral. TARN collects data from all trauma-receiving hospitals, tracking outcomes (e.g., mortality) to improve standards, a core network feature. Transfer protocols ensure escalation from trauma units to MTCs for complex injuries. Ambulance bypass protocols prioritize specialist MTCs (e.g., neurosurgery) over proximity, per triage tools. Rehabilitation is included in network responsibilities. TARN's mandatory data submission drives quality, transparency, and research, distinguishing the system's evidence-based evolution.