Nokea
Acromegaly is associated with all of the following except:
- A. Acanthosis nigricans
- B. Fibromata mollusca
- C. Micrognathia
- D. Cardiomegaly
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acromegaly is a disorder caused by excessive growth hormone production after the closure of the epiphyses (growth plates) in bones, leading to abnormal growth of tissues and organs. The following options are associated with acromegaly:
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Which of the following is false regarding medullary carcinoma of thyroid?
- A. Cervical Iymphadenopathy
- B. High serum calcitonin
- C. Carcinoid syndrome may be associated with
- D. Psychosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid typically presents with symptoms related to the thyroid gland itself, neck mass or swelling, and sometimes cervical lymphadenopathy. It is characterized by the production of calcitonin, leading to high serum calcitonin levels. Carcinoid syndrome, which includes symptoms such as flushing, diarrhea, and wheezing, is more commonly associated with neuroendocrine tumors, rather than medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Psychosis is not a typical feature or manifestation of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
Which of the following does the adrenal cortex produce?
- A. Adrenaline
- B. Aldosterone
- C. Cortisol
- D. Noradrenaline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The adrenal cortex is the outer region of the adrenal glands and is responsible for producing several hormones, including aldosterone. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating electrolyte balance, particularly sodium and potassium, in the body. It helps maintain blood pressure and fluid balance by acting on the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water while excreting potassium in the urine. Adrenaline and noradrenaline (also known as epinephrine and norepinephrine) are produced by the adrenal medulla, which is the inner region of the adrenal glands. Cortisol is another hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, but aldosterone specifically regulates electrolyte balance.
Commonest cause of phaeochromocytoma is:
- A. Tumour of adrenal medulla
- B. Necrosis of adrenal gland
- C. Small cell carcinoma of bronchus
- D. Adrenal cortical hyperplasia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Phaeochromocytoma is a neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. It is the most common cause of a catecholamine-secreting tumor in adults. While it can also rarely occur outside the adrenal gland (referred to as extra-adrenal or paraganglioma), the majority of cases originate within the adrenal medulla. Symptoms of phaeochromocytoma are due to the excessive release of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), leading to a characteristic triad of headaches, sweating, and palpitations. Therefore, the commonest cause of phaeochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla.
Which of the followings is consistent with neuropathic pain due to diabetes:
- A. Burning pain
- B. Electric shock quality
- C. Tingling
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neuropathic pain due to diabetes can present with a variety of symptoms, including burning pain, electric shock quality, and tingling sensation. These symptoms are commonly reported by individuals with diabetic neuropathy, which is the most common form of neuropathic pain associated with diabetes. The combination of these sensations can significantly impact the quality of life for those living with diabetes and neuropathic pain. Therefore, all of the above options are consistent with neuropathic pain due to diabetes.
Persistent muscular weakness is characteristic of:
- A. Conn's syndrome
- B. Acromegaly
- C. Hyperparathyroidism
- D. Myxoedema
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Persistent muscular weakness is characteristic of myxoedema, which is severe hypothyroidism. Myxoedema can lead to general weakness and fatigue, as thyroid hormones play a crucial role in controlling metabolism and energy production in the body. Other symptoms of myxoedema include cold intolerance, weight gain, dry skin, and hair loss. Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism) is characterized by hypertension and low potassium levels, not persistent muscular weakness. Acromegaly is a condition resulting from excess growth hormone production, leading to enlarged body parts and metabolic changes but not specifically muscular weakness. Hyperparathyroidism is associated with high levels of parathyroid hormone, which can lead to bone weakening and calcium imbalance, but it is not typically a primary cause of muscular weakness.