Nokea
Hypocalcemia is produced by all except:
- A. Hysterical hypoventilation
- B. Acute pancreatitis
- C. Chronic renal failure
- D. Osteomalacia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Osteomalacia is a condition in which there is a softening of the bones due to a deficiency in vitamin D or calcium. It is not a cause of hypocalcemia, as it is a result of low levels of calcium in the bloodstream. The other options listed are potential causes of hypocalcemia:
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In males which hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
- A. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- C. hormone
- D. insipidus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In males, Leydig cells in the testes are stimulated to produce testosterone by luteinizing hormone (LH). LH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and acts on the Leydig cells to promote the synthesis and release of testosterone. This hormone plays a crucial role in male reproductive function and the development of masculine characteristics. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) plays a role in spermatogenesis in males but does not directly stimulate Leydig cells to produce testosterone.
Which one of the following statements is true regarding the prevalence of acromegaly?
- A. Acromegaly affects a similar number of men and women
- B. Acromegaly affects twice as many women than men
- C. Acromegaly affects twice as many men than it does women
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder where excess growth hormone is produced, leading to the enlargement of bones and tissues. The prevalence of acromegaly is higher in men compared to women, with a ratio of about two men affected for every woman. This gender difference is believed to be due to the impact of sex hormones on the development and progression of the condition. While acromegaly can affect both men and women, men are more commonly diagnosed with the disorder.
All of the following develop into dwarfism except:
- A. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- B. Hypopituitarism
- C. Homocystinuria
- D. Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia does not lead to dwarfism. It is a group of genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands and can cause various symptoms related to hormone imbalances. In contrast, the other conditions listed - hypopituitarism, homocystinuria, and pseudohypoparathyroidism - can all lead to dwarfism through different mechanisms. Hypopituitarism is characterized by a deficiency of pituitary hormones, including growth hormone, which can result in stunted growth and dwarfism. Homocystinuria is a metabolic disorder that can affect bone growth and lead to skeletal abnormalities resulting in dwarfism. Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a rare genetic disorder that can manifest with short stature or dwarfism due to skeletal abnormalities caused by altered bone metabolism.
All of the following are potential signs or symptoms of growth hormone deficiency except:
- A. Abnormal lipid profile
- B. Atherosclerosis
- C. Increased bone mineral density
- D. Left ventricular dysfunction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is commonly associated with decreased bone mineral density, leading to an increased risk of fractures and osteoporosis. Therefore, increased bone mineral density would not typically be a sign or symptom of GHD. On the other hand, abnormal lipid profile, atherosclerosis, and left ventricular dysfunction are all potential signs or symptoms of GHD. Abnormal lipid profile can manifest as increased levels of LDL cholesterol and decreased levels of HDL cholesterol. Atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries, can occur in individuals with GHD due to the impact on lipid metabolism. Left ventricular dysfunction may also be seen in individuals with GHD due to the role of growth hormone in cardiac function and structure.
Oxytocin:
- A. is not produced in males.
- B. inhibits lactation.
- C. stimulates smooth muscle contraction.
- D. is produced primarily in the SON in the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Oxytocin is a hormone that is produced in both males and females. In females, oxytocin plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, notably during labor and childbirth. Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of the uterus, causing them to contract during labor (parturition) and helps in the ejection of milk during breastfeeding. This hormone is primarily synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland before being released into the bloodstream. Overall, oxytocin's main function is to stimulate smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and the mammary glands.