Nokea
Actions taken to reduce drug-drug interaction problems include all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. Reducing the dose of one of the drugs
- B. Scheduling their administration at different times
- C. Prescribing a third drug to counteract the adverse reaction of the combination
- D. Reducing the dosage of both drugs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because prescribing a third drug to counteract the adverse reaction of the combination does not address the root cause of the drug-drug interaction. It may lead to further complications and potentially more interactions. Reducing the dose of one drug (A) or both drugs (D) and scheduling their administration at different times (B) are effective strategies to minimize drug-drug interactions by adjusting the dosing regimen.
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Which of the following factors regulates the relationship between drug concentration and drug-receptor complex formation?
- A. The pharmacological response
- B. The volume of distribution of the drug
- C. The total clearance of the drug
- D. The law of mass action
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The relationship between drug concentration and drug-receptor complex formation is regulated by the law of mass action, which determines the rate of association and dissociation of the drug-receptor complex based on the concentrations of the drug and the receptor.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are cholinergic. What neurotransmitter do they release at the synapse in the ganglion?
- A. Dopamine
- B. Serotonin
- C. GABA
- D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are cholinergic, meaning they release acetylcholine.
Step 2: In the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in ganglia.
Step 3: Since preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, they will also release acetylcholine at the synapse in the ganglion.
Summary:
- Dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are not typically released by sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons.
- Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons in the autonomic nervous system, making it the correct choice.
Which of the curves best depicts the log dose-response curve of that agonist when a xed dose of a competitive α antagonist is given concomitantly?
- A. Curve P
- B. Curve Q
- C. Curve R
- D. Curve S
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When a competitive α antagonist is given concomitantly with the full α agonist, it will shift the dose-response curve to the right, resulting in a decrease in potency. Curve Q is the only curve that is shifted to the right, indicating reduced potency due to the presence of the antagonist.
The point in time on the drug concentration curve that indicates the first sign of a therapeutic effect is the:
- A. Minimum adverse effect level
- B. Peak of action
- C. Onset of action
- D. Therapeutic range
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Onset of action. This is the point in time when the drug concentration reaches a level where the therapeutic effect begins to be observed. The onset of action signifies the start of the drug's intended effect on the body. The minimum adverse effect level (Choice A) refers to the lowest concentration at which side effects may occur, not the therapeutic effect. The peak of action (Choice B) is the point when the drug's effect is at its maximum, not necessarily the first sign of therapeutic effect. The therapeutic range (Choice D) is the range of drug concentrations that produce the desired therapeutic effect without causing significant side effects, but it does not specifically indicate the onset of therapeutic action.
The patient has questions about counterfeit drugs. Which factors alert the patient or nurse that a drug is counterfeit or adulterated? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Variations in packaging
- B. Unexpected side effects
- C. Oral drugs are dissolved through the process of pinocytosis
- D. Privacy of individually identifiable health information
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Variations in packaging. Counterfeit drugs often have packaging that differs from the authentic product, such as misspelled labels or different colors. This alerts the patient or nurse to the possibility of counterfeit drugs.
B: Unexpected side effects are not a reliable indicator of counterfeit drugs since legitimate drugs can also cause unexpected reactions.
C: Oral drugs being dissolved through pinocytosis is a normal physiological process and not indicative of counterfeit drugs.
D: Privacy of health information is unrelated to identifying counterfeit drugs.