Nokea
Acute attack of migraine can be treated by:
- A. Prazosin
- B. Ergotamine
- C. Propranolol
- D. Amphetamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ergotamine. Ergotamine is a vasoconstrictor that helps alleviate migraine symptoms by constricting blood vessels in the brain. It is commonly used to treat acute migraine attacks. Prazosin (A) is an alpha-blocker used for hypertension, not migraines. Propranolol (C) is a beta-blocker used for migraine prevention, not acute treatment. Amphetamine (D) is a stimulant used for ADHD, not migraine treatment. Ergotamine's vasoconstrictive properties make it effective for treating acute migraines.
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Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.
- A. aldosterone
- B. insulin
- C. secretin
- D. cortisol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cortisol. Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, primarily in the liver. Cortisol plays a key role in stimulating gluconeogenesis by promoting the breakdown of proteins and fats to generate substrates for glucose production. Aldosterone, insulin, and secretin do not directly stimulate gluconeogenesis. Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance, insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, and secretin stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion. Cortisol is the hormone responsible for activating gluconeogenesis in the liver.
For the patient with pheochromocytoma, what physical assessment technique should you instruct the LPN/LVN to avoid?
- A. Palpation of the abdomen
- B. Auscultation of lung sounds
- C. Inspection of the skin for lesions
- D. Checking the peripheral pulses
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Palpation of the abdomen should be avoided in patients with pheochromocytoma, as it can trigger the release of catecholamines and cause a hypertensive crisis.
Which of the following descriptions best fits the drug phenylephrine?
- A. Blocks muscarinic receptors
- B. Stimulates α-adrenergic receptors, causing useful mucous membrane decongestion, or overall vasoconstriction and a rise of blood pressure
- C. Blocks β-adrenergic receptors
- D. Useful drug for managing hypertension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because phenylephrine stimulates α-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and mucous membrane decongestion. This action helps relieve nasal congestion. Choice A is incorrect because phenylephrine does not block muscarinic receptors. Choice C is incorrect because phenylephrine does not block β-adrenergic receptors. Choice D is incorrect because phenylephrine is not typically used for managing hypertension.
Addie has recently been diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome. The symptoms for which the primary care provider most likely tested the patient include:
- A. Buffalo hump, moon facies, and central obesity.
- B. Diarrhea, confusion, and exophthalmos.
- C. Weight loss, low blood pressure, and tachycardia.
- D. Nausea, low hemoglobin, and shortness of breath.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cushing's syndrome is characterized by physical features such as buffalo hump, moon facies (round face), and central obesity due to excess cortisol production.
The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the __________.
- A. parathyroid glands
- B. thyroid gland
- C. anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
- D. adrenal glands
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the anterior pituitary gland. The hypophyseal portal system is a network of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland. This system allows the hypothalamus to release hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. The releasing and inhibiting hormones travel through this portal system directly to the anterior pituitary gland to exert their effects. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the hypophyseal portal system specifically targets the anterior pituitary gland, not the parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, or adrenal glands.