Nokea
When the patient with parathyroid disease experiences symptoms of hypocalcemia, what is a measure that can be used to temporarily raise serum calcium levels?
- A. Administer IV normal saline.
- B. Administer furosemide (Lasix) as ordered.
- C. Have patient rebreathe in a paper bag.
- D. Administer oral phosphorus supplements.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IV normal saline is often used in hypocalcemia to increase serum calcium levels by improving renal calcium reabsorption.
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Which group is incorrect?
- A. Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH, prolactin, TSH, oxytocin
- B. Steroids: cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone
- C. Secretions of the gonads: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
- D. Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland: T3, T4, calcitonin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because oxytocin is not a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland; it is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. ACTH, prolactin, and TSH are indeed hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Choice B is incorrect because cortisol and aldosterone are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal glands, not the gonads. Testosterone is a hormone produced by the gonads.
Choice C is correct as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are indeed secretions of the gonads - estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries and testosterone from the testes.
Choice D is incorrect because calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, but T3 and T4 are thyroid hormones, not hormones secreted by the thyroid gland.
Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by __________.
- A. lysosomes in the cell
- B. the Golgi apparatus
- C. colloid endocytosis
- D. peroxidase enzymes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: peroxidase enzymes. Peroxidase enzymes are responsible for catalyzing the iodination process of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. They facilitate the incorporation of iodine atoms into tyrosine residues within thyroglobulin to form thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Lysosomes (choice A) are involved in cellular waste disposal, not iodination. The Golgi apparatus (choice B) is responsible for processing and packaging proteins, not iodination. Colloid endocytosis (choice C) is the process of internalizing colloid-containing vesicles in thyroid follicular cells, but it is not directly involved in iodination.
The normal response to increased serum osmolality is the release of
- A. aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which stimulates sodium excretion by the kidney.
- B. ADH from the posterior pituitary gland, which stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water.
- C. mineralocorticoids from the adrenal gland, which stimulate the kidney to excrete potassium.
- D. calcitonin from the thyroid gland, which increases bone resorption and decreases serum calcium levels.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys when serum osmolality increases.
Iodine is:
- A. used by the adenohypophysis to synthesize TSH.
- B. necessary for the synthesis of calcitonin by the thyroid gland.
- C. necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
- D. necessary for the synthesis of both PTH and calcitonin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the thyroid gland. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism and growth. Choice A is incorrect because the adenohypophysis produces TSH, not iodine. Choice B is incorrect because calcitonin is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and does not require iodine for its synthesis. Choice D is incorrect because PTH (parathyroid hormone) is produced by the parathyroid glands and does not require iodine for its synthesis.
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.
- A. the cellʹs sensitivity reaction
- B. cellular affinity
- C. up-regulation
- D. a reaction to a stressor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Up-regulation refers to the process where cells increase the number of receptors in response to increased hormone levels.
Step 2: This allows cells to become more sensitive to the hormone and maintain homeostasis.
Step 3: The other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the phenomenon of up-regulation.
Step 4: Option A refers to sensitivity reaction in general, not specifically related to hormone receptors.
Step 5: Option B does not accurately describe the process of increasing receptor numbers.
Step 6: Option D mentions a reaction to a stressor, which is not directly related to the regulation of hormone receptors.