Nokea
The hypersecretion of which hormone is least likely to cause hyperglycemia?
- A. Cortisol
- B. Growth hormone
- C. Insulin
- D. Epinephrine (adrenalin)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Insulin is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells.
2. Hypersecretion of insulin would lead to increased glucose uptake, decreasing blood sugar levels, not causing hyperglycemia.
3. Cortisol, growth hormone, and epinephrine can all contribute to hyperglycemia by increasing blood sugar levels through various mechanisms.
4. Therefore, insulin is the least likely hormone to cause hyperglycemia due to its role in lowering blood sugar levels.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of steroid hormones?
- A. catalyze cyclic AMP
- B. diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells
- C. enter the nucleus
- D. activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, allowing them to easily diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells. Once inside the cell, they bind to intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression. Choice A is incorrect because steroid hormones do not catalyze cyclic AMP; that is a function of peptide hormones. Choice C is incorrect because steroid hormones do not enter the nucleus directly but bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm. Choice D is incorrect because while steroid hormones do activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis, the initial step involves binding to receptors in the cytoplasm, not directly activating gene transcription.
An organ that can be classified as both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the
- A. hypothalamus.
- B. thymus gland.
- C. pancreas.
- D. pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. The pancreas is classified as both an endocrine gland, producing hormones like insulin and glucagon, and an exocrine gland, secreting digestive enzymes into the small intestine. This dual functionality makes it unique among the other options. The hypothalamus (A) is primarily an endocrine gland involved in hormone regulation, while the thymus gland (B) is solely an endocrine gland responsible for T-cell maturation. The pituitary gland (D) is also an endocrine gland that regulates various bodily functions but does not have exocrine functions like the pancreas.
Which statement about the adrenal medulla hormones is accurate?
- A. Overproduction of androgens may cause masculinization in women.
- B. Both the adrenal medulla and the thyroid gland have a negative feedback system to the hypothalamus.
- C. Cortisol levels would be altered in a person who normally works a night shift from 11:00 pm to 7:00 am and sleeps from 8:00 am to 3:00 pm.
- D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are considered hormones when they are secreted by the adrenal medulla and neurotransmitters when they are secreted by nerve cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Epinephrine and norepinephrine are classified as hormones when secreted by the adrenal medulla and as neurotransmitters when released by nerve cells.
For the patient with pheochromocytoma, what physical assessment technique should you instruct the LPN/LVN to avoid?
- A. Palpation of the abdomen
- B. Auscultation of lung sounds
- C. Inspection of the skin for lesions
- D. Checking the peripheral pulses
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Palpation of the abdomen should be avoided in patients with pheochromocytoma, as it can trigger the release of catecholamines and cause a hypertensive crisis.
The nurse assesses an older client. What age-related physiologic changes would the nurse expect?
- A. Heat intolerance
- B. Rheumatoid arthritis
- C. Dehydration
- D. Increased appetite
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dehydration. As people age, their body's ability to conserve water decreases, making older adults more prone to dehydration. Age-related physiologic changes such as decreased thirst sensation and reduced kidney function contribute to this. Heat intolerance (A) is not a common age-related change. Rheumatoid arthritis (B) is an autoimmune condition not directly associated with aging. Increased appetite (D) can occur due to various factors but is not a consistent age-related change. Overall, C is the most likely physiological change in older adults due to their altered fluid balance mechanisms.