Nokea
Which group is incorrect?
- A. Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH, prolactin, TSH, oxytocin
- B. Steroids: cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone
- C. Secretions of the gonads: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
- D. Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland: T3, T4, calcitonin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because oxytocin is not a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland; it is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. ACTH, prolactin, and TSH are indeed hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Choice B is incorrect because cortisol and aldosterone are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal glands, not the gonads. Testosterone is a hormone produced by the gonads.
Choice C is correct as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are indeed secretions of the gonads - estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries and testosterone from the testes.
Choice D is incorrect because calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, but T3 and T4 are thyroid hormones, not hormones secreted by the thyroid gland.
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Which of the following produce antagonistic results?
- A. calcitonin and parathryroid hormone
- B. FSH and LH
- C. ADH and vasopressin
- D. oxytocin and prolactin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels. They have opposing actions, thus producing antagonistic results.
Summary:
- FSH and LH (choice B) work together in the reproductive system.
- ADH and vasopressin (choice C) are different names for the same hormone.
- Oxytocin and prolactin (choice D) have complementary roles in milk production and breastfeeding.
Regarding the islets of Langerhans:
- A. D cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
- B. A cells are the most common
- C. they are most plentiful in the body of the pancreas
- D. blood from the islets drain into the hepatic portal vein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because blood from the islets of Langerhans drains into the hepatic portal vein. This is important for the regulation of blood glucose levels by allowing insulin and glucagon produced by the islets to reach the liver directly. Choice A is incorrect because D cells secrete somatostatin, not pancreatic polypeptide. Choice B is incorrect as beta cells, not A cells, are the most common in the islets. Choice C is incorrect as the islets are most plentiful in the tail of the pancreas.
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is produced by cells of the ___.
- A. kidney tubules.
- B. right atrium of the heart.
- C. adrenal cortex.
- D. pancreas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: right atrium of the heart. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is produced by specialized cells in the right atrium of the heart called atrial myocytes. When the heart senses an increase in blood volume or pressure, these cells release ANH to help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance by promoting sodium and water excretion by the kidneys. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because ANH is not produced by the kidney tubules, adrenal cortex, or pancreas. The primary site of ANH production is specifically within the cardiac atria.
Receptors for steroid hormones are found .
- A. on nutrient molecules, such as glucose
- B. in the interstitial fluid
- C. in the cytoplasm of the cells of target tissues
- D. in the cell membranes of target tissues
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can diffuse through cell membranes. Once inside the cell, they bind to specific receptors in the cytoplasm. This hormone-receptor complex then enters the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Option A is incorrect because steroid hormone receptors are not found on nutrient molecules like glucose. Option B is incorrect as these receptors are not typically located in the interstitial fluid. Option D is also incorrect because steroid hormone receptors are not located on the cell membranes of target tissues.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the male testes to produce sperm and stimulates the development of the follicle in the female on a monthly cycle is:
- A. growth hormone
- B. luteinizing hormone
- C. prolactin
- D. follicle-stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in both male and female reproductive systems. In males, FSH stimulates the testes to produce sperm. In females, FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles, which contain eggs. This hormone is essential for the process of ovulation and the menstrual cycle.
A: Growth hormone is not directly involved in the reproductive system but rather promotes overall growth and development.
B: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ovulation and the production of testosterone in males. It does not directly stimulate sperm production or follicle development.
C: Prolactin is primarily involved in milk production and has no direct role in sperm production or follicle development.