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An excess of thyroid hormones produces hyperthyroidism, a speeded-up metabolic state that is known as:
- A. Cushing syndrome.
- B. Graves’ disease.
- C. Addison’s disease.
- D. ADH hypersecretion.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Graves' disease. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overproduction of thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism. This is characterized by symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, and anxiety. Cushing syndrome (A) is caused by excess cortisol, not thyroid hormones. Addison's disease (C) is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. ADH hypersecretion (D) refers to excessive production of antidiuretic hormone, not thyroid hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is Graves' disease due to its direct association with hyperthyroidism.
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Which of the following is concerned with “sugar, salt, and sex�
- A. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline
- B. Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin
- C. ICSH, FSH, and LH
- D. Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen. Glucocorticoid is involved in sugar metabolism, mineralocorticoid in salt balance, and androgen in sex hormone regulation. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline (A) are related to the fight-or-flight response. Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin (B) are involved in metabolic regulation and immune responses. ICSH, FSH, and LH (C) are reproductive hormones. So, the correct answer D is the only set that includes hormones directly related to sugar, salt, and sex.
Botulism is a serious and sometimes fatal disorder caused by Botulinum toxin. How is Botulinum toxin exerting its effects?
- A. Massive release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla
- B. Blockade of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
- C. Stimulation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme
- D. Blockade of acetylcholine release from all cholinergic nerves
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Blockade of acetylcholine release from all cholinergic nerves. Botulinum toxin exerts its effects by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions. This leads to muscle paralysis, which is a characteristic feature of botulism.
A: Massive release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla is incorrect because botulinum toxin does not affect the adrenal medulla or adrenaline release.
B: Blockade of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors is incorrect because botulinum toxin does not directly block adrenergic receptors.
C: Stimulation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme is incorrect because botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholine release rather than stimulating acetylcholinesterase.
In summary, the correct answer D directly correlates with the mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin, while the other choices are unrelated to how Botulinum toxin exerts
Which of the following hormones does NOT aid in regulating fuel metabolism?
- A. insulin
- B. aldosterone
- C. glucagon
- D. cortisol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B - aldosterone
Rationale:
1. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that primarily regulates salt and water balance, not fuel metabolism.
2. Insulin helps in lowering blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake by cells.
3. Glucagon stimulates the release of glucose from the liver to raise blood sugar levels.
4. Cortisol plays a role in mobilizing energy stores during stress.
Summary:
Aldosterone does not directly impact fuel metabolism like insulin, glucagon, and cortisol do. Insulin lowers blood sugar levels, glucagon raises blood sugar levels, and cortisol mobilizes energy stores during stress.
Which is WRONG about dopamine:
- A. Is effective orally
- B. Metabolized by MAO and COMT mainly
- C. Excreted in urine as vanillylmandelic acid
- D. Stimulates α, β1, and D receptors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because dopamine is not effective orally due to its inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Dopamine is mainly metabolized by MAO and COMT enzymes (B). It is primarily excreted in the urine as homovanillic acid, not vanillylmandelic acid (C). Dopamine stimulates dopamine receptors (D), not α, β1, and D receptors.
Receptors for steroid hormones are found .
- A. on nutrient molecules, such as glucose
- B. in the interstitial fluid
- C. in the cytoplasm of the cells of target tissues
- D. in the cell membranes of target tissues
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can diffuse through cell membranes. Once inside the cell, they bind to specific receptors in the cytoplasm. This hormone-receptor complex then enters the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Option A is incorrect because steroid hormone receptors are not found on nutrient molecules like glucose. Option B is incorrect as these receptors are not typically located in the interstitial fluid. Option D is also incorrect because steroid hormone receptors are not located on the cell membranes of target tissues.