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Mrs. Good, a diabetic, states that she has taken the oral hypoglycemic, phenformin hydrochloride (DBI), for years. From this information, the nurse knows that Mrs. Good
- A. has not been receiving close medical supervision
- B. has moderately severe diabetes
- C. has active beta-cell function
- D. will soon need to switch to insulin therapy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Phenformin has been largely discontinued due to safety concerns, and it suggests the patient may not be receiving proper diabetes management.
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A patient presents with rhabdomyolysis and depletion of 2-3-diphosphoglycerate. A common complication of high levels of the molecule being affected in this patient would be:
- A. Metastatic Calcification
- B. Dystrophic Calcification
- C. Heart Failure
- D. Respiratory Failure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metastatic Calcification. Rhabdomyolysis leads to release of intracellular contents, including 2-3-diphosphoglycerate, causing hyperphosphatemia. High phosphates bind with calcium and deposit in tissues, leading to metastatic calcification. Dystrophic calcification occurs in damaged tissues, not due to high levels of 2-3-diphosphoglycerate. Heart failure and respiratory failure are not directly related to the depletion of this molecule.
Which statement about catalysts is correct?
- A. They decrease the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are unchanged at the end of the reaction.
- B. They decrease the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are used up in the reaction.
- C. They increase the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are unchanged at the end of the reaction.
- D. They increase the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are used up in the reaction.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Catalysts decrease the activation energy required for a reaction, speeding up the reaction without being consumed in the process. They provide an alternative pathway for the reaction to proceed, facilitating the reaction without being altered themselves. This is why they are unchanged at the end of the reaction. Choice B is incorrect because catalysts are not used up in the reaction. Choices C and D are also incorrect as catalysts do not increase the time taken for a reaction to finish nor are they consumed in the reaction.
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is produced by cells of the ___.
- A. kidney tubules.
- B. right atrium of the heart.
- C. adrenal cortex.
- D. pancreas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: right atrium of the heart. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is produced by specialized cells in the right atrium of the heart called atrial myocytes. When the heart senses an increase in blood volume or pressure, these cells release ANH to help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance by promoting sodium and water excretion by the kidneys. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because ANH is not produced by the kidney tubules, adrenal cortex, or pancreas. The primary site of ANH production is specifically within the cardiac atria.
Which of the following produce antagonistic results?
- A. calcitonin and parathryroid hormone
- B. FSH and LH
- C. ADH and vasopressin
- D. oxytocin and prolactin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels. They have opposing actions, thus producing antagonistic results.
Summary:
- FSH and LH (choice B) work together in the reproductive system.
- ADH and vasopressin (choice C) are different names for the same hormone.
- Oxytocin and prolactin (choice D) have complementary roles in milk production and breastfeeding.
Which division of the nervous system sends signals to the adrenal glands during moments of danger?
- A. Central nervous system
- B. Sympathetic division
- C. Parasympathetic division
- D. Peripheral nervous system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sympathetic division. This division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response during moments of danger. When an individual perceives a threat, the sympathetic division activates to prepare the body for action, including sending signals to the adrenal glands to release adrenaline and cortisol, which help increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and transmitting information within the body, but it does not directly send signals to the adrenal glands.
C: The parasympathetic division is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" functions and works in opposition to the sympathetic division. It does not send signals to the adrenal glands during moments of danger.
D: The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, including sensory and motor nerves, but it does not specifically send signals