Nokea
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.
- A. testosterone
- B. estrogen
- C. cortisol
- D. epinephrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte and fluid balance, with aldosterone being the primary mineralocorticoid. Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism and immune response, with cortisol being the primary glucocorticoid. Therefore, the correct answer is C: cortisol. Testosterone (A) and estrogen (B) are sex hormones, not corticosteroids. Epinephrine (D) is a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, not a corticosteroid.
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An excess of thyroid hormones produces hyperthyroidism, a speeded-up metabolic state that is known as:
- A. Cushing syndrome.
- B. Graves’ disease.
- C. Addison’s disease.
- D. ADH hypersecretion.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Graves' disease. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overproduction of thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism. This is characterized by symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, and anxiety. Cushing syndrome (A) is caused by excess cortisol, not thyroid hormones. Addison's disease (C) is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. ADH hypersecretion (D) refers to excessive production of antidiuretic hormone, not thyroid hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is Graves' disease due to its direct association with hyperthyroidism.
Receptors for steroid hormones are found .
- A. on nutrient molecules, such as glucose
- B. in the interstitial fluid
- C. in the cytoplasm of the cells of target tissues
- D. in the cell membranes of target tissues
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can diffuse through cell membranes. Once inside the cell, they bind to specific receptors in the cytoplasm. This hormone-receptor complex then enters the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Option A is incorrect because steroid hormone receptors are not found on nutrient molecules like glucose. Option B is incorrect as these receptors are not typically located in the interstitial fluid. Option D is also incorrect because steroid hormone receptors are not located on the cell membranes of target tissues.
What gland is located just superior to the kidneys?
- A. Pituitary.
- B. Adrenal.
- C. Pancreas.
- D. ovaries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenal. The adrenal glands are located just superior to the kidneys. They are responsible for producing important hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. The pituitary gland (choice A) is located at the base of the brain, the pancreas (choice C) is located in the abdomen, and the ovaries (choice D) are located in the pelvic region. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not correspond to the anatomical location specified in the question.
Which of the following is a characteristic of steroid hormones?
- A. catalyze cyclic AMP
- B. diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells
- C. enter the nucleus
- D. activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, allowing them to easily diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells. Once inside the cell, they bind to intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression. Choice A is incorrect because steroid hormones do not catalyze cyclic AMP; that is a function of peptide hormones. Choice C is incorrect because steroid hormones do not enter the nucleus directly but bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm. Choice D is incorrect because while steroid hormones do activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis, the initial step involves binding to receptors in the cytoplasm, not directly activating gene transcription.
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?
- A. short chain fatty acids
- B. calcium
- C. vitamin K
- D. oligosaccharides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: short chain fatty acids. Short chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed in the colon through passive diffusion. The colon plays a crucial role in absorbing these fatty acids due to its high concentration of beneficial gut bacteria that break down dietary fiber into short chain fatty acids. Calcium is mainly absorbed in the small intestine, vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine and partially in the colon, and oligosaccharides are mainly broken down by enzymes in the small intestine.