Nokea
Which of the following descriptions best fits the drug phenylephrine?
- A. Blocks muscarinic receptors
- B. Stimulates α-adrenergic receptors, causing useful mucous membrane decongestion, or overall vasoconstriction and a rise of blood pressure
- C. Blocks β-adrenergic receptors
- D. Useful drug for managing hypertension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because phenylephrine stimulates α-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and mucous membrane decongestion. This action helps relieve nasal congestion. Choice A is incorrect because phenylephrine does not block muscarinic receptors. Choice C is incorrect because phenylephrine does not block β-adrenergic receptors. Choice D is incorrect because phenylephrine is not typically used for managing hypertension.
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The release of oxytocin is controlled by _____ feedback.
- A. negative
- B. neutral
- C. positive
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: positive feedback. Oxytocin release is triggered by the positive feedback mechanism. When oxytocin is released in response to a stimulus, it further stimulates the release of more oxytocin, intensifying the effect. This continuous loop enhances the initial response, leading to a cascade effect. Negative feedback (choice A) works to maintain homeostasis by counteracting the initial stimulus, which is not the case for oxytocin release. Neutral feedback (choice B) does not play a significant role in regulating hormone release. Choice D is incomplete and irrelevant.
The only endocrine glands that lay dormant during childhood to activate at puberty are the:
- A. pancreas
- B. adrenal glands
- C. thyroid gland
- D. ovaries and testes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the ovaries and testes are the only endocrine glands that are dormant during childhood and activate at puberty to produce sex hormones. The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone in females, while the testes produce testosterone in males. This activation is essential for the development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive functions.
Pancreas (choice A), adrenal glands (choice B), and thyroid gland (choice C) are all active during childhood and do not specifically activate at puberty. The pancreas regulates blood sugar levels, the adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol, and the thyroid gland regulates metabolism. Hence, choices A, B, and C are incorrect in the context of endocrine glands that lay dormant during childhood to activate at puberty.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the male testes to produce sperm and stimulates the development of the follicle in the female on a monthly cycle is:
- A. growth hormone
- B. luteinizing hormone
- C. prolactin
- D. follicle-stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in both male and female reproductive systems. In males, FSH stimulates the testes to produce sperm. In females, FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles, which contain eggs. This hormone is essential for the process of ovulation and the menstrual cycle.
A: Growth hormone is not directly involved in the reproductive system but rather promotes overall growth and development.
B: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ovulation and the production of testosterone in males. It does not directly stimulate sperm production or follicle development.
C: Prolactin is primarily involved in milk production and has no direct role in sperm production or follicle development.
A nurse is taking care of a client with diabetes who is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse knows that DKA is a type of what acid-base imbalance?
- A. Metabolic acidosis
- B. Respiratory acidosis
- C. Metabolic alkalosis
- D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: DKA causes metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of ketones, which lowers the blood pH.
When the patient with parathyroid disease experiences symptoms of hypocalcemia, what is a measure that can be used to temporarily raise serum calcium levels?
- A. Administer IV normal saline.
- B. Administer furosemide (Lasix) as ordered.
- C. Have patient rebreathe in a paper bag.
- D. Administer oral phosphorus supplements.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IV normal saline is often used in hypocalcemia to increase serum calcium levels by improving renal calcium reabsorption.