Nokea
Which row shows the correct label for each endocrine gland and the hormone that the gland secretes?
- A. adrenal, adrenaline, ovary, insulin
- B. adrenal, adrenaline, pancreas, insulin
- C. pancreas, insulin, adrenal, adrenaline
- D. ovary, insulin, pancreas, adrenaline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because it accurately pairs the endocrine glands with their corresponding hormones. The adrenal gland secretes adrenaline, and the pancreas secretes insulin. Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal gland, not the ovary, making choices A and D incorrect. The pancreas secretes insulin, not adrenaline, making choice C incorrect. In summary, choice B is correct because it correctly matches the adrenal gland with adrenaline and the pancreas with insulin, while the other choices mix up the glands and hormones.
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Which statement about the adrenal medulla hormones is accurate?
- A. Overproduction of androgens may cause masculinization in women.
- B. Both the adrenal medulla and the thyroid gland have a negative feedback system to the hypothalamus.
- C. Cortisol levels would be altered in a person who normally works a night shift from 11:00 pm to 7:00 am and sleeps from 8:00 am to 3:00 pm.
- D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are considered hormones when they are secreted by the adrenal medulla and neurotransmitters when they are secreted by nerve cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Epinephrine and norepinephrine are classified as hormones when secreted by the adrenal medulla and as neurotransmitters when released by nerve cells.
Miss White, a known diabetic, is experiencing headache, weakness, irritability, lack of muscular coordination, and apprehension. The nurse realizes that these are early symptoms of
- A. diabetic ketoacidosis
- B. hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNK)
- C. microangiopathy
- D. hypoglycemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: These are all early symptoms of hypoglycemia, which occurs when blood sugar drops too low.
Which of the following is concerned with “sugar, salt, and sex�
- A. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline
- B. Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin
- C. ICSH, FSH, and LH
- D. Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen. Glucocorticoid is involved in sugar metabolism, mineralocorticoid in salt balance, and androgen in sex hormone regulation. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline (A) are related to the fight-or-flight response. Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin (B) are involved in metabolic regulation and immune responses. ICSH, FSH, and LH (C) are reproductive hormones. So, the correct answer D is the only set that includes hormones directly related to sugar, salt, and sex.
The hypersecretion of which hormone is least likely to cause hyperglycemia?
- A. Cortisol
- B. Growth hormone
- C. Insulin
- D. Epinephrine (adrenalin)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Insulin is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells.
2. Hypersecretion of insulin would lead to increased glucose uptake, decreasing blood sugar levels, not causing hyperglycemia.
3. Cortisol, growth hormone, and epinephrine can all contribute to hyperglycemia by increasing blood sugar levels through various mechanisms.
4. Therefore, insulin is the least likely hormone to cause hyperglycemia due to its role in lowering blood sugar levels.
Regarding the islets of Langerhans:
- A. D cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
- B. A cells are the most common
- C. they are most plentiful in the body of the pancreas
- D. blood from the islets drain into the hepatic portal vein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because blood from the islets of Langerhans drains into the hepatic portal vein. This is important for the regulation of blood glucose levels by allowing insulin and glucagon produced by the islets to reach the liver directly. Choice A is incorrect because D cells secrete somatostatin, not pancreatic polypeptide. Choice B is incorrect as beta cells, not A cells, are the most common in the islets. Choice C is incorrect as the islets are most plentiful in the tail of the pancreas.