Nokea
An autoimmune form of hypothyroidism when the body destroys the thyroid cells is called
- A. Hashimoto's disease.
- B. Graves disease.
- C. myxedema.
- D. acromegaly
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Hashimoto's disease is characterized by the immune system attacking the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
2. It is an autoimmune condition where the body produces antibodies that target and destroy thyroid cells.
3. This results in a decrease in thyroid hormone production.
4. Graves disease (choice B) is a form of hyperthyroidism caused by an overactive thyroid gland.
5. Myxedema (choice C) refers to severe hypothyroidism but is not autoimmune.
6. Acromegaly (choice D) is a disorder caused by excess growth hormone production, unrelated to thyroid function.
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In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.
- A. the cellʹs sensitivity reaction
- B. cellular affinity
- C. up-regulation
- D. a reaction to a stressor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Up-regulation refers to the process where cells increase the number of receptors in response to increased hormone levels.
Step 2: This allows cells to become more sensitive to the hormone and maintain homeostasis.
Step 3: The other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the phenomenon of up-regulation.
Step 4: Option A refers to sensitivity reaction in general, not specifically related to hormone receptors.
Step 5: Option B does not accurately describe the process of increasing receptor numbers.
Step 6: Option D mentions a reaction to a stressor, which is not directly related to the regulation of hormone receptors.
Dobutamine is used in the treatment of:
- A. Hypertension
- B. Heart failure
- C. Glaucoma
- D. Arrhythmia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dobutamine is a positive inotrope that increases cardiac contractility, making it a suitable choice for treating heart failure by improving cardiac output. It is not typically used for hypertension, glaucoma, or arrhythmias. Hypertension is usually managed with antihypertensive medications like ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers. Glaucoma is treated with medications that reduce intraocular pressure. Arrhythmias are commonly managed with antiarrhythmic drugs or procedures such as ablation. Therefore, choice B, heart failure, is the correct answer for the use of dobutamine.
Insufficient Levels of Thyroid Hormone in Adults Cause-------------
- A. Goiter
- B. Tetany
- C. Myxedema
- D. Cretinism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Myxedema. Insufficient levels of thyroid hormone in adults lead to myxedema due to decreased metabolism and energy production. Goiter (A) is the enlargement of the thyroid gland, not caused by low thyroid hormone levels. Tetany (B) is muscle spasms due to low calcium levels, not related to thyroid hormone deficiency. Cretinism (D) is a condition of severe hypothyroidism in infants, not in adults. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it directly relates to the consequences of low thyroid hormone levels in adults.
Mrs. K, diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, is receiving radioactive iodine therapy. Which of the following should be included in her teaching plan?
- A. You will need to take a thyroid hormone supplement after treatment.
- B. You may resume your usual activities immediately after treatment.
- C. You will need to avoid close contact with others for several days.
- D. You should increase your intake of iodized salt.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Patients receiving radioactive iodine therapy are often instructed to avoid close contact with others, as the treatment involves radioactive material that can be excreted in bodily fluids.
Which division of the nervous system sends signals to the adrenal glands during moments of danger?
- A. Central nervous system
- B. Sympathetic division
- C. Parasympathetic division
- D. Peripheral nervous system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sympathetic division. This division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response during moments of danger. When an individual perceives a threat, the sympathetic division activates to prepare the body for action, including sending signals to the adrenal glands to release adrenaline and cortisol, which help increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and transmitting information within the body, but it does not directly send signals to the adrenal glands.
C: The parasympathetic division is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" functions and works in opposition to the sympathetic division. It does not send signals to the adrenal glands during moments of danger.
D: The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, including sensory and motor nerves, but it does not specifically send signals