Nokea
Match the correct hormone pair that have antagonistic effects?
- A. Calcitonin-parathyroid hormone
- B. Glucagon-gastrin
- C. Estrogen-testosterone
- D. Gonadotropic releasing hormone-luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Calcitonin-parathyroid hormone.
1. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown, while parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown.
2. This hormone pair directly opposes each other in regulating blood calcium levels.
3. Choices B, C, and D do not involve hormones with antagonistic effects on the same physiological process.
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What gland is located just superior to the kidneys?
- A. Pituitary.
- B. Adrenal.
- C. Pancreas.
- D. ovaries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenal. The adrenal glands are located just superior to the kidneys. They are responsible for producing important hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. The pituitary gland (choice A) is located at the base of the brain, the pancreas (choice C) is located in the abdomen, and the ovaries (choice D) are located in the pelvic region. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not correspond to the anatomical location specified in the question.
Steroid hormones function by binding to receptor proteins within the ________. Once the hormone binds to a receptor, it activates ______.
- A. nucleus: a second messenger
- B. nucleus: particular genes
- C. plasma membrane: a second messenger
- D. plasma membrane: particular genes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because steroid hormones bind to receptor proteins in the nucleus, forming a hormone-receptor complex that directly influences the expression of specific genes. This process leads to the activation or repression of particular genes, resulting in changes in cellular functions. Choices A and C are incorrect because steroid hormones do not bind to receptors in the plasma membrane or use second messengers for signal transduction. Choice D is incorrect as steroid hormones do not directly regulate genes at the plasma membrane level.
An organ that can be classified as both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the
- A. hypothalamus.
- B. thymus gland.
- C. pancreas.
- D. pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. The pancreas is classified as both an endocrine gland, producing hormones like insulin and glucagon, and an exocrine gland, secreting digestive enzymes into the small intestine. This dual functionality makes it unique among the other options. The hypothalamus (A) is primarily an endocrine gland involved in hormone regulation, while the thymus gland (B) is solely an endocrine gland responsible for T-cell maturation. The pituitary gland (D) is also an endocrine gland that regulates various bodily functions but does not have exocrine functions like the pancreas.
An autoimmune form of hypothyroidism when the body destroys the thyroid cells is called
- A. Hashimoto's disease.
- B. Graves disease.
- C. myxedema.
- D. acromegaly
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Hashimoto's disease is characterized by the immune system attacking the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
2. It is an autoimmune condition where the body produces antibodies that target and destroy thyroid cells.
3. This results in a decrease in thyroid hormone production.
4. Graves disease (choice B) is a form of hyperthyroidism caused by an overactive thyroid gland.
5. Myxedema (choice C) refers to severe hypothyroidism but is not autoimmune.
6. Acromegaly (choice D) is a disorder caused by excess growth hormone production, unrelated to thyroid function.
Which group is incorrect?
- A. Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH, prolactin, TSH, oxytocin
- B. Steroids: cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone
- C. Secretions of the gonads: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
- D. Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland: T3, T4, calcitonin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because oxytocin is not a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland; it is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. ACTH, prolactin, and TSH are indeed hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Choice B is incorrect because cortisol and aldosterone are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal glands, not the gonads. Testosterone is a hormone produced by the gonads.
Choice C is correct as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are indeed secretions of the gonads - estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries and testosterone from the testes.
Choice D is incorrect because calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, but T3 and T4 are thyroid hormones, not hormones secreted by the thyroid gland.