Nokea
Which gland is responsible for the production of growth hormone?
- A. anterior pituitary
- B. thyroid
- C. adrenal medulla
- D. pancreas
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary gland is responsible for producing growth hormone, also known as somatotropin. This hormone plays a key role in promoting growth, cell regeneration, and overall development. The other choices are incorrect because the thyroid gland primarily produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism, the adrenal medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to stress, and the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels. Therefore, the correct answer is the anterior pituitary gland as it specifically produces growth hormone.
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Which statement best describes atherosclerotic disease affecting the cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and peripheral vascular systems in patients with diabetes?
- A. It can be prevented by tight glucose control.
- B. It occurs with a higher frequency and earlier onset than in the nondiabetic population.
- C. It is caused by the hyperinsulinemia related to insulin resistance common in type 2 diabetes.
- D. It cannot be modified by reduction of risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and high fat intake.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atherosclerotic disease develops earlier and more frequently in diabetic patients due to the effects of hyperglycemia and related risk factors.
A nurse is taking care of a client with diabetes who is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse knows that DKA is a type of what acid-base imbalance?
- A. Metabolic acidosis
- B. Respiratory acidosis
- C. Metabolic alkalosis
- D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: DKA causes metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of ketones, which lowers the blood pH.
Which of the following produce antagonistic results?
- A. calcitonin and parathryroid hormone
- B. FSH and LH
- C. ADH and vasopressin
- D. oxytocin and prolactin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels. They have opposing actions, thus producing antagonistic results.
Summary:
- FSH and LH (choice B) work together in the reproductive system.
- ADH and vasopressin (choice C) are different names for the same hormone.
- Oxytocin and prolactin (choice D) have complementary roles in milk production and breastfeeding.
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.
- A. aldosterone
- B. insulin
- C. secretin
- D. cortisol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cortisol. Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, primarily in the liver. Cortisol plays a key role in stimulating gluconeogenesis by promoting the breakdown of proteins and fats to generate substrates for glucose production. Aldosterone, insulin, and secretin do not directly stimulate gluconeogenesis. Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance, insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, and secretin stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion. Cortisol is the hormone responsible for activating gluconeogenesis in the liver.
A patient presents with rhabdomyolysis and depletion of 2-3-diphosphoglycerate. A common complication of high levels of the molecule being affected in this patient would be:
- A. Metastatic Calcification
- B. Dystrophic Calcification
- C. Heart Failure
- D. Respiratory Failure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metastatic Calcification. Rhabdomyolysis leads to release of intracellular contents, including 2-3-diphosphoglycerate, causing hyperphosphatemia. High phosphates bind with calcium and deposit in tissues, leading to metastatic calcification. Dystrophic calcification occurs in damaged tissues, not due to high levels of 2-3-diphosphoglycerate. Heart failure and respiratory failure are not directly related to the depletion of this molecule.