Nokea
Which is not a ductless gland?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Pituitary
- C. Thyroid
- D. Sweat
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Sweat. Sweat glands are not considered ductless glands as they secrete sweat through ducts onto the skin surface. Adrenal, Pituitary, and Thyroid glands are all ductless endocrine glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, Pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions, and Thyroid gland produces hormones that control metabolism. Therefore, sweat gland is the only option that does not fit the criteria of a ductless gland, making it the correct answer.
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Miss White, a known diabetic, is experiencing headache, weakness, irritability, lack of muscular coordination, and apprehension. The nurse realizes that these are early symptoms of
- A. diabetic ketoacidosis
- B. hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNK)
- C. microangiopathy
- D. hypoglycemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: These are all early symptoms of hypoglycemia, which occurs when blood sugar drops too low.
An excess of thyroid hormones produces hyperthyroidism, a speeded-up metabolic state that is known as:
- A. Cushing syndrome.
- B. Graves’ disease.
- C. Addison’s disease.
- D. ADH hypersecretion.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Graves' disease. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overproduction of thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism. This is characterized by symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, and anxiety. Cushing syndrome (A) is caused by excess cortisol, not thyroid hormones. Addison's disease (C) is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. ADH hypersecretion (D) refers to excessive production of antidiuretic hormone, not thyroid hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is Graves' disease due to its direct association with hyperthyroidism.
Which statement about catalysts is correct?
- A. They decrease the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are unchanged at the end of the reaction.
- B. They decrease the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are used up in the reaction.
- C. They increase the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are unchanged at the end of the reaction.
- D. They increase the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are used up in the reaction.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Catalysts decrease the activation energy required for a reaction, speeding up the reaction without being consumed in the process. They provide an alternative pathway for the reaction to proceed, facilitating the reaction without being altered themselves. This is why they are unchanged at the end of the reaction. Choice B is incorrect because catalysts are not used up in the reaction. Choices C and D are also incorrect as catalysts do not increase the time taken for a reaction to finish nor are they consumed in the reaction.
A child overdoses on a drug that affects both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. As blood level of the drug rises, he experiences hypertension and tachycardia, accompanied by skeletal muscle tremor. Further elevations of the drug cause all the expected signs and symptoms of autonomic ganglionic blockade, plus weakness and eventual paralysis of skeletal muscle. Which of the following drugs did the child most likely ingest?
- A. Bethanechol
- B. Nicotine
- C. Pilocarpine
- D. Scopolamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nicotine. Nicotine affects both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. Initially, the child experiences hypertension, tachycardia, and skeletal muscle tremor due to stimulation of both systems. As the blood level rises, autonomic ganglionic blockade occurs, leading to weakness and paralysis. Bethanechol (A) is a cholinergic agonist, unlikely to cause these symptoms. Pilocarpine (C) is also a cholinergic agonist but does not affect the somatic nervous system. Scopolamine (D) is an anticholinergic drug, which would not cause the symptoms described.
The epiglottis?
- A. Closes trachea when swallowing
- B. Closes oesophagus during breathing
- C. Prevents the trachea from collapsing
- D. Closes the nasal cavity when swallowing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Closes trachea when swallowing. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway. It ensures that food goes down the esophagus instead of the trachea. This action helps protect the respiratory system from aspiration. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. B is incorrect because the epiglottis closes the trachea, not the esophagus, during swallowing. C is incorrect because the trachea is supported by rings of cartilage, not the epiglottis. D is incorrect because the epiglottis does not close the nasal cavity but rather the trachea.