Nokea
Which of the following is concerned with “sugar, salt, and sex�
- A. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline
- B. Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin
- C. ICSH, FSH, and LH
- D. Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen. Glucocorticoid is involved in sugar metabolism, mineralocorticoid in salt balance, and androgen in sex hormone regulation. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline (A) are related to the fight-or-flight response. Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin (B) are involved in metabolic regulation and immune responses. ICSH, FSH, and LH (C) are reproductive hormones. So, the correct answer D is the only set that includes hormones directly related to sugar, salt, and sex.
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TSH:
- A. stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.
- B. is secreted by the neurohypophysis.
- C. stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
- D. is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. TSH stands for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.
2. TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
3. It stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, not calcitonin.
4. It is not secreted by the neurohypophysis or stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete TRH.
Therefore, choice D is correct as it accurately describes the function and origin of TSH.
Priority Decision: A patient taking insulin has recorded fasting glucose levels above 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) on awakening for the last five mornings. What should the nurse advise the patient to do first?
- A. Increase the evening insulin dose to prevent the dawn phenomenon.
- B. Use a single-dose insulin regimen with an intermediate-acting insulin.
- C. Monitor the glucose level at bedtime, between 2:00 am and 4:00 am, and on arising.
- D. Decrease the evening insulin dosage to prevent night hypoglycemia and the Somogyi effect.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Monitoring glucose at multiple times will help identify if the issue is related to the dawn phenomenon or the Somogyi effect.
Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by __________.
- A. lysosomes in the cell
- B. the Golgi apparatus
- C. colloid endocytosis
- D. peroxidase enzymes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: peroxidase enzymes. Peroxidase enzymes are responsible for catalyzing the iodination process of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. They facilitate the incorporation of iodine atoms into tyrosine residues within thyroglobulin to form thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Lysosomes (choice A) are involved in cellular waste disposal, not iodination. The Golgi apparatus (choice B) is responsible for processing and packaging proteins, not iodination. Colloid endocytosis (choice C) is the process of internalizing colloid-containing vesicles in thyroid follicular cells, but it is not directly involved in iodination.
Which of the following hormones does NOT aid in regulating fuel metabolism?
- A. insulin
- B. aldosterone
- C. glucagon
- D. cortisol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B - aldosterone
Rationale:
1. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that primarily regulates salt and water balance, not fuel metabolism.
2. Insulin helps in lowering blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake by cells.
3. Glucagon stimulates the release of glucose from the liver to raise blood sugar levels.
4. Cortisol plays a role in mobilizing energy stores during stress.
Summary:
Aldosterone does not directly impact fuel metabolism like insulin, glucagon, and cortisol do. Insulin lowers blood sugar levels, glucagon raises blood sugar levels, and cortisol mobilizes energy stores during stress.
A 38-year-old farmer is brought to the emergency room by his wife with symptoms of sudden difficulty breathing, sweatiness, and anxiety. He was spraying insecticide when this happened. It has been 25 minutes since the symptoms started. The patient is emergently intubated and given atropine and another medication that acts to reactivate acetylcholinesterase. What medication is it?
- A. Physostigmine
- B. Propranolol
- C. Pralidoxime
- D. Phenylephrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pralidoxime. Pralidoxime is used to reactivate acetylcholinesterase in cases of organophosphate poisoning, which is likely the cause of the patient's symptoms after spraying insecticide. Reactivating acetylcholinesterase helps to break down excess acetylcholine, reducing the toxic effects of the insecticide. Physostigmine (choice A) is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which would worsen the patient's condition. Propranolol (choice B) is a beta-blocker and does not address the underlying issue of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Phenylephrine (choice D) is a sympathomimetic drug used for vasoconstriction and would not be appropriate in this scenario.