Nokea
What characteristic is related to Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
- A. Enlarged thyroid gland
- B. Viral-induced hyperthyroidism
- C. Bacterial or fungal infection of thyroid gland
- D. Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis with antibody destruction of thyroid tissue
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack and destroy thyroid tissue, leading to hypothyroidism.
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Priority Decision: A patient taking insulin has recorded fasting glucose levels above 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) on awakening for the last five mornings. What should the nurse advise the patient to do first?
- A. Increase the evening insulin dose to prevent the dawn phenomenon.
- B. Use a single-dose insulin regimen with an intermediate-acting insulin.
- C. Monitor the glucose level at bedtime, between 2:00 am and 4:00 am, and on arising.
- D. Decrease the evening insulin dosage to prevent night hypoglycemia and the Somogyi effect.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Monitoring glucose at multiple times will help identify if the issue is related to the dawn phenomenon or the Somogyi effect.
The release of oxytocin is controlled by _____ feedback.
- A. negative
- B. neutral
- C. positive
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: positive feedback. Oxytocin release is triggered by the positive feedback mechanism. When oxytocin is released in response to a stimulus, it further stimulates the release of more oxytocin, intensifying the effect. This continuous loop enhances the initial response, leading to a cascade effect. Negative feedback (choice A) works to maintain homeostasis by counteracting the initial stimulus, which is not the case for oxytocin release. Neutral feedback (choice B) does not play a significant role in regulating hormone release. Choice D is incomplete and irrelevant.
When the patient with parathyroid disease experiences symptoms of hypocalcemia, what is a measure that can be used to temporarily raise serum calcium levels?
- A. Administer IV normal saline.
- B. Administer furosemide (Lasix) as ordered.
- C. Have patient rebreathe in a paper bag.
- D. Administer oral phosphorus supplements.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IV normal saline is often used in hypocalcemia to increase serum calcium levels by improving renal calcium reabsorption.
Addie has recently been diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome. The symptoms for which the primary care provider most likely tested the patient include:
- A. Buffalo hump, moon facies, and central obesity.
- B. Diarrhea, confusion, and exophthalmos.
- C. Weight loss, low blood pressure, and tachycardia.
- D. Nausea, low hemoglobin, and shortness of breath.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cushing's syndrome is characterized by physical features such as buffalo hump, moon facies (round face), and central obesity due to excess cortisol production.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the male testes to produce sperm and stimulates the development of the follicle in the female on a monthly cycle is:
- A. growth hormone
- B. luteinizing hormone
- C. prolactin
- D. follicle-stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in both male and female reproductive systems. In males, FSH stimulates the testes to produce sperm. In females, FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles, which contain eggs. This hormone is essential for the process of ovulation and the menstrual cycle.
A: Growth hormone is not directly involved in the reproductive system but rather promotes overall growth and development.
B: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ovulation and the production of testosterone in males. It does not directly stimulate sperm production or follicle development.
C: Prolactin is primarily involved in milk production and has no direct role in sperm production or follicle development.