Nokea
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is produced by cells of the ___.
- A. kidney tubules.
- B. right atrium of the heart.
- C. adrenal cortex.
- D. pancreas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: right atrium of the heart. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is produced by specialized cells in the right atrium of the heart called atrial myocytes. When the heart senses an increase in blood volume or pressure, these cells release ANH to help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance by promoting sodium and water excretion by the kidneys. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because ANH is not produced by the kidney tubules, adrenal cortex, or pancreas. The primary site of ANH production is specifically within the cardiac atria.
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The epiglottis?
- A. Closes trachea when swallowing
- B. Closes oesophagus during breathing
- C. Prevents the trachea from collapsing
- D. Closes the nasal cavity when swallowing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Closes trachea when swallowing. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway. It ensures that food goes down the esophagus instead of the trachea. This action helps protect the respiratory system from aspiration. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. B is incorrect because the epiglottis closes the trachea, not the esophagus, during swallowing. C is incorrect because the trachea is supported by rings of cartilage, not the epiglottis. D is incorrect because the epiglottis does not close the nasal cavity but rather the trachea.
A 38-year-old farmer is brought to the emergency room by his wife with symptoms of sudden difficulty breathing, sweatiness, and anxiety. He was spraying insecticide when this happened. It has been 25 minutes since the symptoms started. The patient is emergently intubated and given atropine and another medication that acts to reactivate acetylcholinesterase. What medication is it?
- A. Physostigmine
- B. Propranolol
- C. Pralidoxime
- D. Phenylephrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pralidoxime. Pralidoxime is used to reactivate acetylcholinesterase in cases of organophosphate poisoning, which is likely the cause of the patient's symptoms after spraying insecticide. Reactivating acetylcholinesterase helps to break down excess acetylcholine, reducing the toxic effects of the insecticide. Physostigmine (choice A) is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which would worsen the patient's condition. Propranolol (choice B) is a beta-blocker and does not address the underlying issue of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Phenylephrine (choice D) is a sympathomimetic drug used for vasoconstriction and would not be appropriate in this scenario.
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
- A. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
- B. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
- C. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
- D. nothingall hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the ability of a tissue or organ to respond to a hormone depends on the presence of specific receptors on the cells of the target tissue. These receptors are like locks that only fit the specific key (hormone). Without the appropriate receptors, the hormone cannot initiate a response.
A: The location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path may affect the speed of hormone delivery but does not determine the tissue's ability to respond.
B: The membrane potential of the cells of the target organ relates to cell signaling but does not determine the specificity of hormone response.
D: This choice is incorrect because hormones are specific and can only bind to cells with the appropriate receptors, making the statement that all hormones can stimulate any cell type nonsensical.
Which of the following hormones plays a key role in the development of the secondary sexual characteristics in the female?
- A. Adrenaline
- B. Glucagon
- C. Oestrogen
- D. Calcitonin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oestrogen. Oestrogen is the primary female sex hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and maintenance of the reproductive system. Adrenaline (A) is a stress hormone that prepares the body for fight or flight responses. Glucagon (B) is a hormone that raises blood sugar levels. Calcitonin (D) is involved in regulating calcium levels in the body. These hormones do not play a direct role in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
Priority Decision: A patient taking insulin has recorded fasting glucose levels above 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) on awakening for the last five mornings. What should the nurse advise the patient to do first?
- A. Increase the evening insulin dose to prevent the dawn phenomenon.
- B. Use a single-dose insulin regimen with an intermediate-acting insulin.
- C. Monitor the glucose level at bedtime, between 2:00 am and 4:00 am, and on arising.
- D. Decrease the evening insulin dosage to prevent night hypoglycemia and the Somogyi effect.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Monitoring glucose at multiple times will help identify if the issue is related to the dawn phenomenon or the Somogyi effect.