Nokea
A patient presents with rhabdomyolysis and depletion of 2-3-diphosphoglycerate. A common complication of high levels of the molecule being affected in this patient would be:
- A. Metastatic Calcification
- B. Dystrophic Calcification
- C. Heart Failure
- D. Respiratory Failure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metastatic Calcification. Rhabdomyolysis leads to release of intracellular contents, including 2-3-diphosphoglycerate, causing hyperphosphatemia. High phosphates bind with calcium and deposit in tissues, leading to metastatic calcification. Dystrophic calcification occurs in damaged tissues, not due to high levels of 2-3-diphosphoglycerate. Heart failure and respiratory failure are not directly related to the depletion of this molecule.
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In general, beta blockers produce all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. Decrease blood pressure
- B. Propranolol is extensively metabolized in the liver
- C. Atenolol is eliminated mainly unchanged in urine
- D. They increase renin activity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: They increase renin activity. Beta blockers block beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to decreased renin secretion and ultimately decreased renin activity. This results in reduced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, leading to decreased blood pressure. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because beta blockers are known to decrease blood pressure, propranolol is extensively metabolized in the liver, and atenolol is eliminated mainly unchanged in urine.
TSH:
- A. stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.
- B. is secreted by the neurohypophysis.
- C. stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
- D. is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. TSH stands for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.
2. TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
3. It stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, not calcitonin.
4. It is not secreted by the neurohypophysis or stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete TRH.
Therefore, choice D is correct as it accurately describes the function and origin of TSH.
Which is not a ductless gland?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Pituitary
- C. Thyroid
- D. Sweat
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Sweat. Sweat glands are not considered ductless glands as they secrete sweat through ducts onto the skin surface. Adrenal, Pituitary, and Thyroid glands are all ductless endocrine glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, Pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions, and Thyroid gland produces hormones that control metabolism. Therefore, sweat gland is the only option that does not fit the criteria of a ductless gland, making it the correct answer.
Non-selective β-blockers are contraindicated in:
- A. Angina of effort
- B. Systemic hypertension
- C. Peripheral vascular disease
- D. Thyrotoxicosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Peripheral vascular disease. Non-selective β-blockers can cause vasoconstriction and exacerbate peripheral vascular disease by reducing blood flow to the extremities. This can lead to worsening symptoms and potential tissue damage. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because non-selective β-blockers are commonly used in angina of effort, systemic hypertension, and thyrotoxicosis, respectively, to decrease heart rate and blood pressure.
A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of .
- A. melatonin
- B. thyroid hormone
- C. growth hormone
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B (thyroid hormone) is correct:
1. Thyroid hormone is a key hormone that regulates metabolism and growth.
2. Intracellular hormone receptors are specific to certain hormones.
3. Disruption of thyroid hormone levels can lead to metabolic disorders.
4. Pesticide binding to the thyroid hormone receptor can interfere with its normal function.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Melatonin regulates sleep-wake cycles, not metabolism.
C: Growth hormone regulates growth and development, not metabolism.
D: Insulin regulates blood sugar levels, not metabolism.