Nokea
A nurse is taking care of a client with diabetes who is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse knows that DKA is a type of what acid-base imbalance?
- A. Metabolic acidosis
- B. Respiratory acidosis
- C. Metabolic alkalosis
- D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: DKA causes metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of ketones, which lowers the blood pH.
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Dobutamine is used in the treatment of:
- A. Hypertension
- B. Heart failure
- C. Glaucoma
- D. Arrhythmia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dobutamine is a positive inotrope that increases cardiac contractility, making it a suitable choice for treating heart failure by improving cardiac output. It is not typically used for hypertension, glaucoma, or arrhythmias. Hypertension is usually managed with antihypertensive medications like ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers. Glaucoma is treated with medications that reduce intraocular pressure. Arrhythmias are commonly managed with antiarrhythmic drugs or procedures such as ablation. Therefore, choice B, heart failure, is the correct answer for the use of dobutamine.
An excess of thyroid hormones produces hyperthyroidism, a speeded-up metabolic state that is known as:
- A. Cushing syndrome.
- B. Graves’ disease.
- C. Addison’s disease.
- D. ADH hypersecretion.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Graves' disease. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overproduction of thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism. This is characterized by symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, and anxiety. Cushing syndrome (A) is caused by excess cortisol, not thyroid hormones. Addison's disease (C) is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. ADH hypersecretion (D) refers to excessive production of antidiuretic hormone, not thyroid hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is Graves' disease due to its direct association with hyperthyroidism.
Which of the following descriptions best fits the drug phenylephrine?
- A. Blocks muscarinic receptors
- B. Stimulates α-adrenergic receptors, causing useful mucous membrane decongestion, or overall vasoconstriction and a rise of blood pressure
- C. Blocks β-adrenergic receptors
- D. Useful drug for managing hypertension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because phenylephrine stimulates α-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and mucous membrane decongestion. This action helps relieve nasal congestion. Choice A is incorrect because phenylephrine does not block muscarinic receptors. Choice C is incorrect because phenylephrine does not block β-adrenergic receptors. Choice D is incorrect because phenylephrine is not typically used for managing hypertension.
Which of the following is the most reliable thyroid function test to diagnose hyperthyroidism in an older adult?
- A. Serum T3 level
- B. Glucose tolerance test
- C. Cosyntropin
- D. Iodine tolerance test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Serum T3 levels are the most reliable test to diagnose hyperthyroidism in older adults, as thyroid hormone levels are often altered in this population.
Which row shows the correct label for each endocrine gland and the hormone that the gland secretes?
- A. adrenal, adrenaline, ovary, insulin
- B. adrenal, adrenaline, pancreas, insulin
- C. pancreas, insulin, adrenal, adrenaline
- D. ovary, insulin, pancreas, adrenaline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because it accurately pairs the endocrine glands with their corresponding hormones. The adrenal gland secretes adrenaline, and the pancreas secretes insulin. Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal gland, not the ovary, making choices A and D incorrect. The pancreas secretes insulin, not adrenaline, making choice C incorrect. In summary, choice B is correct because it correctly matches the adrenal gland with adrenaline and the pancreas with insulin, while the other choices mix up the glands and hormones.