Nokea
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?
- A. short chain fatty acids
- B. calcium
- C. vitamin K
- D. oligosaccharides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: short chain fatty acids. Short chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed in the colon through passive diffusion. The colon plays a crucial role in absorbing these fatty acids due to its high concentration of beneficial gut bacteria that break down dietary fiber into short chain fatty acids. Calcium is mainly absorbed in the small intestine, vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine and partially in the colon, and oligosaccharides are mainly broken down by enzymes in the small intestine.
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Which division of the nervous system sends signals to the adrenal glands during moments of danger?
- A. Central nervous system
- B. Sympathetic division
- C. Parasympathetic division
- D. Peripheral nervous system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sympathetic division. This division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response during moments of danger. When an individual perceives a threat, the sympathetic division activates to prepare the body for action, including sending signals to the adrenal glands to release adrenaline and cortisol, which help increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and transmitting information within the body, but it does not directly send signals to the adrenal glands.
C: The parasympathetic division is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" functions and works in opposition to the sympathetic division. It does not send signals to the adrenal glands during moments of danger.
D: The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, including sensory and motor nerves, but it does not specifically send signals
A nurse is taking care of a client with diabetes who is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse knows that DKA is a type of what acid-base imbalance?
- A. Metabolic acidosis
- B. Respiratory acidosis
- C. Metabolic alkalosis
- D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: DKA causes metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of ketones, which lowers the blood pH.
Which is not a ductless gland?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Pituitary
- C. Thyroid
- D. Sweat
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Sweat. Sweat glands are not considered ductless glands as they secrete sweat through ducts onto the skin surface. Adrenal, Pituitary, and Thyroid glands are all ductless endocrine glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, Pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions, and Thyroid gland produces hormones that control metabolism. Therefore, sweat gland is the only option that does not fit the criteria of a ductless gland, making it the correct answer.
The release of oxytocin is controlled by _____ feedback.
- A. negative
- B. neutral
- C. positive
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: positive feedback. Oxytocin release is triggered by the positive feedback mechanism. When oxytocin is released in response to a stimulus, it further stimulates the release of more oxytocin, intensifying the effect. This continuous loop enhances the initial response, leading to a cascade effect. Negative feedback (choice A) works to maintain homeostasis by counteracting the initial stimulus, which is not the case for oxytocin release. Neutral feedback (choice B) does not play a significant role in regulating hormone release. Choice D is incomplete and irrelevant.
Which of the following produce antagonistic results?
- A. calcitonin and parathryroid hormone
- B. FSH and LH
- C. ADH and vasopressin
- D. oxytocin and prolactin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels. They have opposing actions, thus producing antagonistic results.
Summary:
- FSH and LH (choice B) work together in the reproductive system.
- ADH and vasopressin (choice C) are different names for the same hormone.
- Oxytocin and prolactin (choice D) have complementary roles in milk production and breastfeeding.