Nokea
Failure of the pituitary to stop producing growth hormone after body growth is completed results in _______.
- A. Gigantism
- B. Tetany
- C. Kidney failure
- D. Acromegaly
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acromegaly. After body growth is completed, excess growth hormone causes the bones and soft tissues to continue growing abnormally, leading to enlarged hands, feet, and facial features. Gigantism occurs before growth plates close, resulting in overall increased body size. Tetany is caused by low calcium levels, not excess growth hormone. Kidney failure is unrelated to pituitary hormone regulation.
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Match the correct hormone pair that have antagonistic effects?
- A. Calcitonin-parathyroid hormone
- B. Glucagon-gastrin
- C. Estrogen-testosterone
- D. Gonadotropic releasing hormone-luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Calcitonin-parathyroid hormone.
1. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown, while parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown.
2. This hormone pair directly opposes each other in regulating blood calcium levels.
3. Choices B, C, and D do not involve hormones with antagonistic effects on the same physiological process.
An autoimmune form of hypothyroidism when the body destroys the thyroid cells is called
- A. Hashimoto's disease.
- B. Graves disease.
- C. myxedema.
- D. acromegaly
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Hashimoto's disease is characterized by the immune system attacking the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
2. It is an autoimmune condition where the body produces antibodies that target and destroy thyroid cells.
3. This results in a decrease in thyroid hormone production.
4. Graves disease (choice B) is a form of hyperthyroidism caused by an overactive thyroid gland.
5. Myxedema (choice C) refers to severe hypothyroidism but is not autoimmune.
6. Acromegaly (choice D) is a disorder caused by excess growth hormone production, unrelated to thyroid function.
What do the following hormones have in common: growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine? All:
- A. are secreted by the adrenal glands.
- B. raise blood glucose.
- C. suppress gluconeogenesis.
- D. are steroids.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B is correct:
1. Growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine all raise blood glucose levels.
2. Growth hormone promotes glucose production, cortisol increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, and epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown.
3. The increase in blood glucose is essential for providing energy during stress or physical activity.
4. None of the other choices align with all three hormones' functions, making choice B the correct answer.
Summary: Choices A and D are incorrect because not all three hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands or are steroids. Choice C is incorrect as these hormones do not suppress gluconeogenesis; instead, they promote processes that raise blood glucose levels.
For the patient with pheochromocytoma, what physical assessment technique should you instruct the LPN/LVN to avoid?
- A. Palpation of the abdomen
- B. Auscultation of lung sounds
- C. Inspection of the skin for lesions
- D. Checking the peripheral pulses
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Palpation of the abdomen should be avoided in patients with pheochromocytoma, as it can trigger the release of catecholamines and cause a hypertensive crisis.
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?
- A. short chain fatty acids
- B. calcium
- C. vitamin K
- D. oligosaccharides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: short chain fatty acids. Short chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed in the colon through passive diffusion. The colon plays a crucial role in absorbing these fatty acids due to its high concentration of beneficial gut bacteria that break down dietary fiber into short chain fatty acids. Calcium is mainly absorbed in the small intestine, vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine and partially in the colon, and oligosaccharides are mainly broken down by enzymes in the small intestine.