Nokea
The normal response to increased serum osmolality is the release of
- A. aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which stimulates sodium excretion by the kidney.
- B. ADH from the posterior pituitary gland, which stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water.
- C. mineralocorticoids from the adrenal gland, which stimulate the kidney to excrete potassium.
- D. calcitonin from the thyroid gland, which increases bone resorption and decreases serum calcium levels.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys when serum osmolality increases.
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Which statement best describes atherosclerotic disease affecting the cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and peripheral vascular systems in patients with diabetes?
- A. It can be prevented by tight glucose control.
- B. It occurs with a higher frequency and earlier onset than in the nondiabetic population.
- C. It is caused by the hyperinsulinemia related to insulin resistance common in type 2 diabetes.
- D. It cannot be modified by reduction of risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and high fat intake.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atherosclerotic disease develops earlier and more frequently in diabetic patients due to the effects of hyperglycemia and related risk factors.
When the patient with parathyroid disease experiences symptoms of hypocalcemia, what is a measure that can be used to temporarily raise serum calcium levels?
- A. Administer IV normal saline.
- B. Administer furosemide (Lasix) as ordered.
- C. Have patient rebreathe in a paper bag.
- D. Administer oral phosphorus supplements.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IV normal saline is often used in hypocalcemia to increase serum calcium levels by improving renal calcium reabsorption.
Acute attack of migraine can be treated by:
- A. Prazosin
- B. Ergotamine
- C. Propranolol
- D. Amphetamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ergotamine. Ergotamine is a vasoconstrictor that helps alleviate migraine symptoms by constricting blood vessels in the brain. It is commonly used to treat acute migraine attacks. Prazosin (A) is an alpha-blocker used for hypertension, not migraines. Propranolol (C) is a beta-blocker used for migraine prevention, not acute treatment. Amphetamine (D) is a stimulant used for ADHD, not migraine treatment. Ergotamine's vasoconstrictive properties make it effective for treating acute migraines.
Iodine is:
- A. used by the adenohypophysis to synthesize TSH.
- B. necessary for the synthesis of calcitonin by the thyroid gland.
- C. necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
- D. necessary for the synthesis of both PTH and calcitonin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the thyroid gland. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism and growth. Choice A is incorrect because the adenohypophysis produces TSH, not iodine. Choice B is incorrect because calcitonin is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and does not require iodine for its synthesis. Choice D is incorrect because PTH (parathyroid hormone) is produced by the parathyroid glands and does not require iodine for its synthesis.
A nurse is taking care of a client with diabetes who is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse knows that DKA is a type of what acid-base imbalance?
- A. Metabolic acidosis
- B. Respiratory acidosis
- C. Metabolic alkalosis
- D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: DKA causes metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of ketones, which lowers the blood pH.