Nokea
The nurse assesses an older client. What age-related physiologic changes would the nurse expect?
- A. Heat intolerance
- B. Rheumatoid arthritis
- C. Dehydration
- D. Increased appetite
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dehydration. As people age, their body's ability to conserve water decreases, making older adults more prone to dehydration. Age-related physiologic changes such as decreased thirst sensation and reduced kidney function contribute to this. Heat intolerance (A) is not a common age-related change. Rheumatoid arthritis (B) is an autoimmune condition not directly associated with aging. Increased appetite (D) can occur due to various factors but is not a consistent age-related change. Overall, C is the most likely physiological change in older adults due to their altered fluid balance mechanisms.
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Match the correct hormone pair that have antagonistic effects?
- A. Calcitonin-parathyroid hormone
- B. Glucagon-gastrin
- C. Estrogen-testosterone
- D. Gonadotropic releasing hormone-luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Calcitonin-parathyroid hormone.
1. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown, while parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown.
2. This hormone pair directly opposes each other in regulating blood calcium levels.
3. Choices B, C, and D do not involve hormones with antagonistic effects on the same physiological process.
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?
- A. short chain fatty acids
- B. calcium
- C. vitamin K
- D. oligosaccharides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: short chain fatty acids. Short chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed in the colon through passive diffusion. The colon plays a crucial role in absorbing these fatty acids due to its high concentration of beneficial gut bacteria that break down dietary fiber into short chain fatty acids. Calcium is mainly absorbed in the small intestine, vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine and partially in the colon, and oligosaccharides are mainly broken down by enzymes in the small intestine.
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.
- A. testosterone
- B. estrogen
- C. cortisol
- D. epinephrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte and fluid balance, with aldosterone being the primary mineralocorticoid. Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism and immune response, with cortisol being the primary glucocorticoid. Therefore, the correct answer is C: cortisol. Testosterone (A) and estrogen (B) are sex hormones, not corticosteroids. Epinephrine (D) is a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, not a corticosteroid.
An excess of thyroid hormones produces hyperthyroidism, a speeded-up metabolic state that is known as:
- A. Cushing syndrome.
- B. Graves’ disease.
- C. Addison’s disease.
- D. ADH hypersecretion.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Graves' disease. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overproduction of thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism. This is characterized by symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, and anxiety. Cushing syndrome (A) is caused by excess cortisol, not thyroid hormones. Addison's disease (C) is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. ADH hypersecretion (D) refers to excessive production of antidiuretic hormone, not thyroid hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is Graves' disease due to its direct association with hyperthyroidism.
Which of the following is concerned with “sugar, salt, and sex�
- A. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline
- B. Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin
- C. ICSH, FSH, and LH
- D. Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen. Glucocorticoid is involved in sugar metabolism, mineralocorticoid in salt balance, and androgen in sex hormone regulation. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline (A) are related to the fight-or-flight response. Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin (B) are involved in metabolic regulation and immune responses. ICSH, FSH, and LH (C) are reproductive hormones. So, the correct answer D is the only set that includes hormones directly related to sugar, salt, and sex.