Nokea
Dobutamine is used in the treatment of:
- A. Hypertension
- B. Heart failure
- C. Glaucoma
- D. Arrhythmia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dobutamine is a positive inotrope that increases cardiac contractility, making it a suitable choice for treating heart failure by improving cardiac output. It is not typically used for hypertension, glaucoma, or arrhythmias. Hypertension is usually managed with antihypertensive medications like ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers. Glaucoma is treated with medications that reduce intraocular pressure. Arrhythmias are commonly managed with antiarrhythmic drugs or procedures such as ablation. Therefore, choice B, heart failure, is the correct answer for the use of dobutamine.
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Which of the following structures lies posterior to body of pancreas:
- A. IVC
- B. Portal vein
- C. Common bile duct
- D. Splenic vein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Splenic vein. The splenic vein lies posterior to the body of the pancreas. Step 1: Locate the pancreas in the abdominal cavity. Step 2: Identify the structures behind the body of the pancreas. Step 3: The splenic vein runs posterior to the body of the pancreas, making it the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect because A: IVC is located more inferiorly, B: Portal vein is located more superiorly, and C: Common bile duct is located more anteriorly to the body of the pancreas.
Regarding the flavoprotein – cytochrome system:
- A. cytochrome oxidase is the first step in the chain
- B. occurs within the endoplasmic reticulum
- C. substrates are pyruvate, water and oxygen and ATP
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the substrates of the flavoprotein-cytochrome system are pyruvate, water, oxygen, and ATP. Pyruvate is oxidized to produce energy in the form of ATP, water is a byproduct of the electron transport chain, and oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Choices A and B are incorrect because cytochrome oxidase is not the first step in the chain, and the system does not occur within the endoplasmic reticulum. Choice D is incomplete.
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?
- A. short chain fatty acids
- B. calcium
- C. vitamin K
- D. oligosaccharides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: short chain fatty acids. Short chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed in the colon through passive diffusion. The colon plays a crucial role in absorbing these fatty acids due to its high concentration of beneficial gut bacteria that break down dietary fiber into short chain fatty acids. Calcium is mainly absorbed in the small intestine, vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine and partially in the colon, and oligosaccharides are mainly broken down by enzymes in the small intestine.
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.
- A. the cellʹs sensitivity reaction
- B. cellular affinity
- C. up-regulation
- D. a reaction to a stressor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Up-regulation refers to the process where cells increase the number of receptors in response to increased hormone levels.
Step 2: This allows cells to become more sensitive to the hormone and maintain homeostasis.
Step 3: The other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the phenomenon of up-regulation.
Step 4: Option A refers to sensitivity reaction in general, not specifically related to hormone receptors.
Step 5: Option B does not accurately describe the process of increasing receptor numbers.
Step 6: Option D mentions a reaction to a stressor, which is not directly related to the regulation of hormone receptors.
Which of the following descriptions best fits the drug phenylephrine?
- A. Blocks muscarinic receptors
- B. Stimulates α-adrenergic receptors, causing useful mucous membrane decongestion, or overall vasoconstriction and a rise of blood pressure
- C. Blocks β-adrenergic receptors
- D. Useful drug for managing hypertension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because phenylephrine stimulates α-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and mucous membrane decongestion. This action helps relieve nasal congestion. Choice A is incorrect because phenylephrine does not block muscarinic receptors. Choice C is incorrect because phenylephrine does not block β-adrenergic receptors. Choice D is incorrect because phenylephrine is not typically used for managing hypertension.