Endocrine System Practice Questions

Endocrine System Practice Questions Related

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In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.

  • A. the cellʹs sensitivity reaction
  • B. cellular affinity
  • C. up-regulation
  • D. a reaction to a stressor
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step 1: Up-regulation refers to the process where cells increase the number of receptors in response to increased hormone levels.
Step 2: This allows cells to become more sensitive to the hormone and maintain homeostasis.
Step 3: The other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the phenomenon of up-regulation.
Step 4: Option A refers to sensitivity reaction in general, not specifically related to hormone receptors.
Step 5: Option B does not accurately describe the process of increasing receptor numbers.
Step 6: Option D mentions a reaction to a stressor, which is not directly related to the regulation of hormone receptors.

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Which statement about the adrenal medulla hormones is accurate?

  • A. Overproduction of androgens may cause masculinization in women.
  • B. Both the adrenal medulla and the thyroid gland have a negative feedback system to the hypothalamus.
  • C. Cortisol levels would be altered in a person who normally works a night shift from 11:00 pm to 7:00 am and sleeps from 8:00 am to 3:00 pm.
  • D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are considered hormones when they are secreted by the adrenal medulla and neurotransmitters when they are secreted by nerve cells
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Epinephrine and norepinephrine are classified as hormones when secreted by the adrenal medulla and as neurotransmitters when released by nerve cells.

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is produced by cells of the ___.

  • A. kidney tubules.
  • B. right atrium of the heart.
  • C. adrenal cortex.
  • D. pancreas.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: right atrium of the heart. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is produced by specialized cells in the right atrium of the heart called atrial myocytes. When the heart senses an increase in blood volume or pressure, these cells release ANH to help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance by promoting sodium and water excretion by the kidneys. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because ANH is not produced by the kidney tubules, adrenal cortex, or pancreas. The primary site of ANH production is specifically within the cardiac atria.

The release of oxytocin is controlled by _____ feedback.

  • A. negative
  • B. neutral
  • C. positive
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: positive feedback. Oxytocin release is triggered by the positive feedback mechanism. When oxytocin is released in response to a stimulus, it further stimulates the release of more oxytocin, intensifying the effect. This continuous loop enhances the initial response, leading to a cascade effect. Negative feedback (choice A) works to maintain homeostasis by counteracting the initial stimulus, which is not the case for oxytocin release. Neutral feedback (choice B) does not play a significant role in regulating hormone release. Choice D is incomplete and irrelevant.

An organ that can be classified as both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the

  • A. hypothalamus.
  • B. thymus gland.
  • C. pancreas.
  • D. pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. The pancreas is classified as both an endocrine gland, producing hormones like insulin and glucagon, and an exocrine gland, secreting digestive enzymes into the small intestine. This dual functionality makes it unique among the other options. The hypothalamus (A) is primarily an endocrine gland involved in hormone regulation, while the thymus gland (B) is solely an endocrine gland responsible for T-cell maturation. The pituitary gland (D) is also an endocrine gland that regulates various bodily functions but does not have exocrine functions like the pancreas.

The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the __________.

  • A. parathyroid glands
  • B. thyroid gland
  • C. anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
  • D. adrenal glands
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the anterior pituitary gland. The hypophyseal portal system is a network of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland. This system allows the hypothalamus to release hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. The releasing and inhibiting hormones travel through this portal system directly to the anterior pituitary gland to exert their effects. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the hypophyseal portal system specifically targets the anterior pituitary gland, not the parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, or adrenal glands.

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