Nokea
Pituitary disorder caused by excess growth of the body:
- A. Dwarfism
- B. Gigantism
- C. Goiter
- D. Cretinism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gigantism. Gigantism is caused by excess growth hormone production from the pituitary gland before puberty, leading to abnormal growth and height. Dwarfism (choice A) is the opposite condition, characterized by stunted growth. Goiter (choice C) is a thyroid disorder, not related to pituitary gland. Cretinism (choice D) is a condition caused by thyroid hormone deficiency, not pituitary gland disorder.
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The release of oxytocin is controlled by _____ feedback.
- A. negative
- B. neutral
- C. positive
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: positive feedback. Oxytocin release is triggered by the positive feedback mechanism. When oxytocin is released in response to a stimulus, it further stimulates the release of more oxytocin, intensifying the effect. This continuous loop enhances the initial response, leading to a cascade effect. Negative feedback (choice A) works to maintain homeostasis by counteracting the initial stimulus, which is not the case for oxytocin release. Neutral feedback (choice B) does not play a significant role in regulating hormone release. Choice D is incomplete and irrelevant.
When the patient with parathyroid disease experiences symptoms of hypocalcemia, what is a measure that can be used to temporarily raise serum calcium levels?
- A. Administer IV normal saline.
- B. Administer furosemide (Lasix) as ordered.
- C. Have patient rebreathe in a paper bag.
- D. Administer oral phosphorus supplements.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IV normal saline is often used in hypocalcemia to increase serum calcium levels by improving renal calcium reabsorption.
What gland is located just superior to the kidneys?
- A. Pituitary.
- B. Adrenal.
- C. Pancreas.
- D. ovaries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenal. The adrenal glands are located just superior to the kidneys. They are responsible for producing important hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. The pituitary gland (choice A) is located at the base of the brain, the pancreas (choice C) is located in the abdomen, and the ovaries (choice D) are located in the pelvic region. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not correspond to the anatomical location specified in the question.
A child overdoses on a drug that affects both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. As blood level of the drug rises, he experiences hypertension and tachycardia, accompanied by skeletal muscle tremor. Further elevations of the drug cause all the expected signs and symptoms of autonomic ganglionic blockade, plus weakness and eventual paralysis of skeletal muscle. Which of the following drugs did the child most likely ingest?
- A. Bethanechol
- B. Nicotine
- C. Pilocarpine
- D. Scopolamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nicotine. Nicotine affects both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. Initially, the child experiences hypertension, tachycardia, and skeletal muscle tremor due to stimulation of both systems. As the blood level rises, autonomic ganglionic blockade occurs, leading to weakness and paralysis. Bethanechol (A) is a cholinergic agonist, unlikely to cause these symptoms. Pilocarpine (C) is also a cholinergic agonist but does not affect the somatic nervous system. Scopolamine (D) is an anticholinergic drug, which would not cause the symptoms described.
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.
- A. the cellʹs sensitivity reaction
- B. cellular affinity
- C. up-regulation
- D. a reaction to a stressor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Up-regulation refers to the process where cells increase the number of receptors in response to increased hormone levels.
Step 2: This allows cells to become more sensitive to the hormone and maintain homeostasis.
Step 3: The other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the phenomenon of up-regulation.
Step 4: Option A refers to sensitivity reaction in general, not specifically related to hormone receptors.
Step 5: Option B does not accurately describe the process of increasing receptor numbers.
Step 6: Option D mentions a reaction to a stressor, which is not directly related to the regulation of hormone receptors.