Nokea
Mrs. K, diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, is receiving radioactive iodine therapy. Which of the following should be included in her teaching plan?
- A. You will need to take a thyroid hormone supplement after treatment.
- B. You may resume your usual activities immediately after treatment.
- C. You will need to avoid close contact with others for several days.
- D. You should increase your intake of iodized salt.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Patients receiving radioactive iodine therapy are often instructed to avoid close contact with others, as the treatment involves radioactive material that can be excreted in bodily fluids.
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The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the __________.
- A. parathyroid glands
- B. thyroid gland
- C. anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
- D. adrenal glands
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the anterior pituitary gland. The hypophyseal portal system is a network of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland. This system allows the hypothalamus to release hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. The releasing and inhibiting hormones travel through this portal system directly to the anterior pituitary gland to exert their effects. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the hypophyseal portal system specifically targets the anterior pituitary gland, not the parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, or adrenal glands.
Which of the following is a direct-acting parasympathomimetic that readily passes the blood-brain barrier and is commonly used in the treatment of glaucoma:
- A. Pilocarpine
- B. Carbachol
- C. Methacholine
- D. Bethanechol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pilocarpine. Pilocarpine is a direct-acting parasympathomimetic that readily passes the blood-brain barrier due to its small molecular size. It is commonly used in the treatment of glaucoma by constricting the pupil and increasing the outflow of aqueous humor. Carbachol and Bethanechol are also parasympathomimetics, but they do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. Methacholine is a muscarinic receptor agonist, not commonly used in the treatment of glaucoma. Therefore, the most suitable choice that meets the criteria provided in the question is pilocarpine.
Which is WRONG about dopamine:
- A. Is effective orally
- B. Metabolized by MAO and COMT mainly
- C. Excreted in urine as vanillylmandelic acid
- D. Stimulates α, β1, and D receptors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because dopamine is not effective orally due to its inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Dopamine is mainly metabolized by MAO and COMT enzymes (B). It is primarily excreted in the urine as homovanillic acid, not vanillylmandelic acid (C). Dopamine stimulates dopamine receptors (D), not α, β1, and D receptors.
The hypersecretion of which hormone is least likely to cause hyperglycemia?
- A. Cortisol
- B. Growth hormone
- C. Insulin
- D. Epinephrine (adrenalin)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Insulin is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells.
2. Hypersecretion of insulin would lead to increased glucose uptake, decreasing blood sugar levels, not causing hyperglycemia.
3. Cortisol, growth hormone, and epinephrine can all contribute to hyperglycemia by increasing blood sugar levels through various mechanisms.
4. Therefore, insulin is the least likely hormone to cause hyperglycemia due to its role in lowering blood sugar levels.
Which of the following structures lies posterior to body of pancreas:
- A. IVC
- B. Portal vein
- C. Common bile duct
- D. Splenic vein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Splenic vein. The splenic vein lies posterior to the body of the pancreas. Step 1: Locate the pancreas in the abdominal cavity. Step 2: Identify the structures behind the body of the pancreas. Step 3: The splenic vein runs posterior to the body of the pancreas, making it the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect because A: IVC is located more inferiorly, B: Portal vein is located more superiorly, and C: Common bile duct is located more anteriorly to the body of the pancreas.