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Addie has recently been diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome. The symptoms for which the primary care provider most likely tested the patient include:
- A. Buffalo hump, moon facies, and central obesity.
- B. Diarrhea, confusion, and exophthalmos.
- C. Weight loss, low blood pressure, and tachycardia.
- D. Nausea, low hemoglobin, and shortness of breath.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cushing's syndrome is characterized by physical features such as buffalo hump, moon facies (round face), and central obesity due to excess cortisol production.
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A 38-year-old farmer is brought to the emergency room by his wife with symptoms of sudden difficulty breathing, sweatiness, and anxiety. He was spraying insecticide when this happened. It has been 25 minutes since the symptoms started. The patient is emergently intubated and given atropine and another medication that acts to reactivate acetylcholinesterase. What medication is it?
- A. Physostigmine
- B. Propranolol
- C. Pralidoxime
- D. Phenylephrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pralidoxime. Pralidoxime is used to reactivate acetylcholinesterase in cases of organophosphate poisoning, which is likely the cause of the patient's symptoms after spraying insecticide. Reactivating acetylcholinesterase helps to break down excess acetylcholine, reducing the toxic effects of the insecticide. Physostigmine (choice A) is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which would worsen the patient's condition. Propranolol (choice B) is a beta-blocker and does not address the underlying issue of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Phenylephrine (choice D) is a sympathomimetic drug used for vasoconstriction and would not be appropriate in this scenario.
What is the total cost of using the heater for 15 minutes?
- A. $0.04
- B. $0.15
- C. $2.40
- D. $9.00
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: To calculate the total cost of using the heater for 15 minutes, we need to consider the cost per minute. If the cost is $0.01 per minute, then for 15 minutes, it would be 15 * $0.01 = $0.15. Therefore, the correct answer is B.
Option A ($0.04) is incorrect because it is too low for 15 minutes of usage. Option C ($2.40) and Option D ($9.00) are incorrect because they are too high for the given time frame.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the male testes to produce sperm and stimulates the development of the follicle in the female on a monthly cycle is:
- A. growth hormone
- B. luteinizing hormone
- C. prolactin
- D. follicle-stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in both male and female reproductive systems. In males, FSH stimulates the testes to produce sperm. In females, FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles, which contain eggs. This hormone is essential for the process of ovulation and the menstrual cycle.
A: Growth hormone is not directly involved in the reproductive system but rather promotes overall growth and development.
B: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ovulation and the production of testosterone in males. It does not directly stimulate sperm production or follicle development.
C: Prolactin is primarily involved in milk production and has no direct role in sperm production or follicle development.
Acute attack of migraine can be treated by:
- A. Prazosin
- B. Ergotamine
- C. Propranolol
- D. Amphetamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ergotamine. Ergotamine is a vasoconstrictor that helps alleviate migraine symptoms by constricting blood vessels in the brain. It is commonly used to treat acute migraine attacks. Prazosin (A) is an alpha-blocker used for hypertension, not migraines. Propranolol (C) is a beta-blocker used for migraine prevention, not acute treatment. Amphetamine (D) is a stimulant used for ADHD, not migraine treatment. Ergotamine's vasoconstrictive properties make it effective for treating acute migraines.
Botulism is a serious and sometimes fatal disorder caused by Botulinum toxin. How is Botulinum toxin exerting its effects?
- A. Massive release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla
- B. Blockade of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
- C. Stimulation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme
- D. Blockade of acetylcholine release from all cholinergic nerves
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Blockade of acetylcholine release from all cholinergic nerves. Botulinum toxin exerts its effects by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions. This leads to muscle paralysis, which is a characteristic feature of botulism.
A: Massive release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla is incorrect because botulinum toxin does not affect the adrenal medulla or adrenaline release.
B: Blockade of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors is incorrect because botulinum toxin does not directly block adrenergic receptors.
C: Stimulation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme is incorrect because botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholine release rather than stimulating acetylcholinesterase.
In summary, the correct answer D directly correlates with the mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin, while the other choices are unrelated to how Botulinum toxin exerts