Nokea
The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the __________.
- A. parathyroid glands
- B. thyroid gland
- C. anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
- D. adrenal glands
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the anterior pituitary gland. The hypophyseal portal system is a network of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland. This system allows the hypothalamus to release hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. The releasing and inhibiting hormones travel through this portal system directly to the anterior pituitary gland to exert their effects. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the hypophyseal portal system specifically targets the anterior pituitary gland, not the parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, or adrenal glands.
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Mrs. Good, a diabetic, states that she has taken the oral hypoglycemic, phenformin hydrochloride (DBI), for years. From this information, the nurse knows that Mrs. Good
- A. has not been receiving close medical supervision
- B. has moderately severe diabetes
- C. has active beta-cell function
- D. will soon need to switch to insulin therapy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Phenformin has been largely discontinued due to safety concerns, and it suggests the patient may not be receiving proper diabetes management.
Which of the following hormones plays a key role in the development of the secondary sexual characteristics in the female?
- A. Adrenaline
- B. Glucagon
- C. Oestrogen
- D. Calcitonin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oestrogen. Oestrogen is the primary female sex hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and maintenance of the reproductive system. Adrenaline (A) is a stress hormone that prepares the body for fight or flight responses. Glucagon (B) is a hormone that raises blood sugar levels. Calcitonin (D) is involved in regulating calcium levels in the body. These hormones do not play a direct role in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
Failure of the pituitary to stop producing growth hormone after body growth is completed results in _______.
- A. Gigantism
- B. Tetany
- C. Kidney failure
- D. Acromegaly
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acromegaly. After body growth is completed, excess growth hormone causes the bones and soft tissues to continue growing abnormally, leading to enlarged hands, feet, and facial features. Gigantism occurs before growth plates close, resulting in overall increased body size. Tetany is caused by low calcium levels, not excess growth hormone. Kidney failure is unrelated to pituitary hormone regulation.
Which of the following is a direct-acting parasympathomimetic that readily passes the blood-brain barrier and is commonly used in the treatment of glaucoma:
- A. Pilocarpine
- B. Carbachol
- C. Methacholine
- D. Bethanechol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pilocarpine. Pilocarpine is a direct-acting parasympathomimetic that readily passes the blood-brain barrier due to its small molecular size. It is commonly used in the treatment of glaucoma by constricting the pupil and increasing the outflow of aqueous humor. Carbachol and Bethanechol are also parasympathomimetics, but they do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. Methacholine is a muscarinic receptor agonist, not commonly used in the treatment of glaucoma. Therefore, the most suitable choice that meets the criteria provided in the question is pilocarpine.
When the patient with parathyroid disease experiences symptoms of hypocalcemia, what is a measure that can be used to temporarily raise serum calcium levels?
- A. Administer IV normal saline.
- B. Administer furosemide (Lasix) as ordered.
- C. Have patient rebreathe in a paper bag.
- D. Administer oral phosphorus supplements.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IV normal saline is often used in hypocalcemia to increase serum calcium levels by improving renal calcium reabsorption.