Nokea
Which of the following produce antagonistic results?
- A. calcitonin and parathryroid hormone
- B. FSH and LH
- C. ADH and vasopressin
- D. oxytocin and prolactin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels. They have opposing actions, thus producing antagonistic results.
Summary:
- FSH and LH (choice B) work together in the reproductive system.
- ADH and vasopressin (choice C) are different names for the same hormone.
- Oxytocin and prolactin (choice D) have complementary roles in milk production and breastfeeding.
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Which of the following hormones plays a key role in the development of the secondary sexual characteristics in the female?
- A. Adrenaline
- B. Glucagon
- C. Oestrogen
- D. Calcitonin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oestrogen. Oestrogen is the primary female sex hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and maintenance of the reproductive system. Adrenaline (A) is a stress hormone that prepares the body for fight or flight responses. Glucagon (B) is a hormone that raises blood sugar levels. Calcitonin (D) is involved in regulating calcium levels in the body. These hormones do not play a direct role in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
Select the correct statement.
- A. Insulin is released by α cells and increases blood sugar.
- B. Insulin is released by α cells and lowers blood sugar.
- C. Insulin is released by β cells and increases blood sugar.
- D. Insulin is released by β cells and lowers blood sugar.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because insulin is released by β cells in the pancreas and its main function is to lower blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. β cells are located in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and are responsible for producing and releasing insulin in response to high blood sugar levels.
A, B, and C are incorrect:
A: Insulin is not released by α cells; glucagon is the hormone released by α cells that increases blood sugar levels.
B: Insulin lowers blood sugar, so it is not released by α cells, and α cells do not lower blood sugar.
C: Insulin is released by β cells, not α cells, and it decreases blood sugar levels, not increases them.
Insufficient Levels of Thyroid Hormone in Adults Cause-------------
- A. Goiter
- B. Tetany
- C. Myxedema
- D. Cretinism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Myxedema. Insufficient levels of thyroid hormone in adults lead to myxedema due to decreased metabolism and energy production. Goiter (A) is the enlargement of the thyroid gland, not caused by low thyroid hormone levels. Tetany (B) is muscle spasms due to low calcium levels, not related to thyroid hormone deficiency. Cretinism (D) is a condition of severe hypothyroidism in infants, not in adults. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it directly relates to the consequences of low thyroid hormone levels in adults.
A patient presents with rhabdomyolysis and depletion of 2-3-diphosphoglycerate. A common complication of high levels of the molecule being affected in this patient would be:
- A. Metastatic Calcification
- B. Dystrophic Calcification
- C. Heart Failure
- D. Respiratory Failure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metastatic Calcification. Rhabdomyolysis leads to release of intracellular contents, including 2-3-diphosphoglycerate, causing hyperphosphatemia. High phosphates bind with calcium and deposit in tissues, leading to metastatic calcification. Dystrophic calcification occurs in damaged tissues, not due to high levels of 2-3-diphosphoglycerate. Heart failure and respiratory failure are not directly related to the depletion of this molecule.
Regarding the flavoprotein – cytochrome system:
- A. cytochrome oxidase is the first step in the chain
- B. occurs within the endoplasmic reticulum
- C. substrates are pyruvate, water and oxygen and ATP
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the substrates of the flavoprotein-cytochrome system are pyruvate, water, oxygen, and ATP. Pyruvate is oxidized to produce energy in the form of ATP, water is a byproduct of the electron transport chain, and oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Choices A and B are incorrect because cytochrome oxidase is not the first step in the chain, and the system does not occur within the endoplasmic reticulum. Choice D is incomplete.