Nokea
Which statement about the adrenal medulla hormones is accurate?
- A. Overproduction of androgens may cause masculinization in women.
- B. Both the adrenal medulla and the thyroid gland have a negative feedback system to the hypothalamus.
- C. Cortisol levels would be altered in a person who normally works a night shift from 11:00 pm to 7:00 am and sleeps from 8:00 am to 3:00 pm.
- D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are considered hormones when they are secreted by the adrenal medulla and neurotransmitters when they are secreted by nerve cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Epinephrine and norepinephrine are classified as hormones when secreted by the adrenal medulla and as neurotransmitters when released by nerve cells.
You may also like to solve these questions
TSH:
- A. stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.
- B. is secreted by the neurohypophysis.
- C. stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
- D. is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. TSH stands for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.
2. TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
3. It stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, not calcitonin.
4. It is not secreted by the neurohypophysis or stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete TRH.
Therefore, choice D is correct as it accurately describes the function and origin of TSH.
A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of .
- A. melatonin
- B. thyroid hormone
- C. growth hormone
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B (thyroid hormone) is correct:
1. Thyroid hormone is a key hormone that regulates metabolism and growth.
2. Intracellular hormone receptors are specific to certain hormones.
3. Disruption of thyroid hormone levels can lead to metabolic disorders.
4. Pesticide binding to the thyroid hormone receptor can interfere with its normal function.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Melatonin regulates sleep-wake cycles, not metabolism.
C: Growth hormone regulates growth and development, not metabolism.
D: Insulin regulates blood sugar levels, not metabolism.
Which statement best describes atherosclerotic disease affecting the cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and peripheral vascular systems in patients with diabetes?
- A. It can be prevented by tight glucose control.
- B. It occurs with a higher frequency and earlier onset than in the nondiabetic population.
- C. It is caused by the hyperinsulinemia related to insulin resistance common in type 2 diabetes.
- D. It cannot be modified by reduction of risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and high fat intake.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atherosclerotic disease develops earlier and more frequently in diabetic patients due to the effects of hyperglycemia and related risk factors.
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?
- A. short chain fatty acids
- B. calcium
- C. vitamin K
- D. oligosaccharides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: short chain fatty acids. Short chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed in the colon through passive diffusion. The colon plays a crucial role in absorbing these fatty acids due to its high concentration of beneficial gut bacteria that break down dietary fiber into short chain fatty acids. Calcium is mainly absorbed in the small intestine, vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine and partially in the colon, and oligosaccharides are mainly broken down by enzymes in the small intestine.
Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by __________.
- A. lysosomes in the cell
- B. the Golgi apparatus
- C. colloid endocytosis
- D. peroxidase enzymes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: peroxidase enzymes. Peroxidase enzymes are responsible for catalyzing the iodination process of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. They facilitate the incorporation of iodine atoms into tyrosine residues within thyroglobulin to form thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Lysosomes (choice A) are involved in cellular waste disposal, not iodination. The Golgi apparatus (choice B) is responsible for processing and packaging proteins, not iodination. Colloid endocytosis (choice C) is the process of internalizing colloid-containing vesicles in thyroid follicular cells, but it is not directly involved in iodination.