Nokea
Which of the following hormones does NOT aid in regulating fuel metabolism?
- A. insulin
- B. aldosterone
- C. glucagon
- D. cortisol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B - aldosterone
Rationale:
1. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that primarily regulates salt and water balance, not fuel metabolism.
2. Insulin helps in lowering blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake by cells.
3. Glucagon stimulates the release of glucose from the liver to raise blood sugar levels.
4. Cortisol plays a role in mobilizing energy stores during stress.
Summary:
Aldosterone does not directly impact fuel metabolism like insulin, glucagon, and cortisol do. Insulin lowers blood sugar levels, glucagon raises blood sugar levels, and cortisol mobilizes energy stores during stress.
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Which is WRONG about dopamine:
- A. Is effective orally
- B. Metabolized by MAO and COMT mainly
- C. Excreted in urine as vanillylmandelic acid
- D. Stimulates α, β1, and D receptors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because dopamine is not effective orally due to its inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Dopamine is mainly metabolized by MAO and COMT enzymes (B). It is primarily excreted in the urine as homovanillic acid, not vanillylmandelic acid (C). Dopamine stimulates dopamine receptors (D), not α, β1, and D receptors.
Miss White, a known diabetic, is experiencing headache, weakness, irritability, lack of muscular coordination, and apprehension. The nurse realizes that these are early symptoms of
- A. diabetic ketoacidosis
- B. hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNK)
- C. microangiopathy
- D. hypoglycemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: These are all early symptoms of hypoglycemia, which occurs when blood sugar drops too low.
Select the correct statement.
- A. Insulin is released by α cells and increases blood sugar.
- B. Insulin is released by α cells and lowers blood sugar.
- C. Insulin is released by β cells and increases blood sugar.
- D. Insulin is released by β cells and lowers blood sugar.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because insulin is released by β cells in the pancreas and its main function is to lower blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. β cells are located in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and are responsible for producing and releasing insulin in response to high blood sugar levels.
A, B, and C are incorrect:
A: Insulin is not released by α cells; glucagon is the hormone released by α cells that increases blood sugar levels.
B: Insulin lowers blood sugar, so it is not released by α cells, and α cells do not lower blood sugar.
C: Insulin is released by β cells, not α cells, and it decreases blood sugar levels, not increases them.
Which of the following produce antagonistic results?
- A. calcitonin and parathryroid hormone
- B. FSH and LH
- C. ADH and vasopressin
- D. oxytocin and prolactin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels. They have opposing actions, thus producing antagonistic results.
Summary:
- FSH and LH (choice B) work together in the reproductive system.
- ADH and vasopressin (choice C) are different names for the same hormone.
- Oxytocin and prolactin (choice D) have complementary roles in milk production and breastfeeding.
Mrs. Good, a diabetic, states that she has taken the oral hypoglycemic, phenformin hydrochloride (DBI), for years. From this information, the nurse knows that Mrs. Good
- A. has not been receiving close medical supervision
- B. has moderately severe diabetes
- C. has active beta-cell function
- D. will soon need to switch to insulin therapy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Phenformin has been largely discontinued due to safety concerns, and it suggests the patient may not be receiving proper diabetes management.