Nokea
Select the correct statement.
- A. Insulin is released by α cells and increases blood sugar.
- B. Insulin is released by α cells and lowers blood sugar.
- C. Insulin is released by β cells and increases blood sugar.
- D. Insulin is released by β cells and lowers blood sugar.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because insulin is released by β cells in the pancreas and its main function is to lower blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. β cells are located in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and are responsible for producing and releasing insulin in response to high blood sugar levels.
A, B, and C are incorrect:
A: Insulin is not released by α cells; glucagon is the hormone released by α cells that increases blood sugar levels.
B: Insulin lowers blood sugar, so it is not released by α cells, and α cells do not lower blood sugar.
C: Insulin is released by β cells, not α cells, and it decreases blood sugar levels, not increases them.
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A patient presents with rhabdomyolysis and depletion of 2-3-diphosphoglycerate. A common complication of high levels of the molecule being affected in this patient would be:
- A. Metastatic Calcification
- B. Dystrophic Calcification
- C. Heart Failure
- D. Respiratory Failure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metastatic Calcification. Rhabdomyolysis leads to release of intracellular contents, including 2-3-diphosphoglycerate, causing hyperphosphatemia. High phosphates bind with calcium and deposit in tissues, leading to metastatic calcification. Dystrophic calcification occurs in damaged tissues, not due to high levels of 2-3-diphosphoglycerate. Heart failure and respiratory failure are not directly related to the depletion of this molecule.
The nurse assesses an older client. What age-related physiologic changes would the nurse expect?
- A. Heat intolerance
- B. Rheumatoid arthritis
- C. Dehydration
- D. Increased appetite
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dehydration. As people age, their body's ability to conserve water decreases, making older adults more prone to dehydration. Age-related physiologic changes such as decreased thirst sensation and reduced kidney function contribute to this. Heat intolerance (A) is not a common age-related change. Rheumatoid arthritis (B) is an autoimmune condition not directly associated with aging. Increased appetite (D) can occur due to various factors but is not a consistent age-related change. Overall, C is the most likely physiological change in older adults due to their altered fluid balance mechanisms.
Match the correct hormone pair that have antagonistic effects?
- A. Calcitonin-parathyroid hormone
- B. Glucagon-gastrin
- C. Estrogen-testosterone
- D. Gonadotropic releasing hormone-luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Calcitonin-parathyroid hormone.
1. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown, while parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown.
2. This hormone pair directly opposes each other in regulating blood calcium levels.
3. Choices B, C, and D do not involve hormones with antagonistic effects on the same physiological process.
Which of the following produce antagonistic results?
- A. calcitonin and parathryroid hormone
- B. FSH and LH
- C. ADH and vasopressin
- D. oxytocin and prolactin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels. They have opposing actions, thus producing antagonistic results.
Summary:
- FSH and LH (choice B) work together in the reproductive system.
- ADH and vasopressin (choice C) are different names for the same hormone.
- Oxytocin and prolactin (choice D) have complementary roles in milk production and breastfeeding.
The adrenal medulla:
- A. is controlled primarily by ACTH.
- B. secretes steroids.
- C. is associated with the fight-or-flight response.
- D. secretes iodine-containing hormones.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C is correct:
1. The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal glands.
2. It secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline during the fight-or-flight response.
3. These hormones increase heart rate, blood flow to muscles, and provide energy for emergencies.
4. This physiological response helps the body deal with stressful situations.
5. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the adrenal medulla is not primarily controlled by ACTH, does not secrete steroids, and does not secrete iodine-containing hormones.