Nokea
Which is NOT an action of CCK?
- A. gallbladder contraction
- B. increased gastric motility and emptying
- C. glucagon secretion
- D. secretion of pancreatic juice
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: increased gastric motility and emptying. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that primarily functions to stimulate gallbladder contraction (A), secretion of pancreatic juice (D), and inhibit gastric motility and emptying. Choice C, glucagon secretion, is not directly related to the actions of CCK. The incorrect choices (A, C, D) are all actions associated with CCK, while choice B goes against the typical action of CCK on gastric motility.
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Which statement about the adrenal medulla hormones is accurate?
- A. Overproduction of androgens may cause masculinization in women.
- B. Both the adrenal medulla and the thyroid gland have a negative feedback system to the hypothalamus.
- C. Cortisol levels would be altered in a person who normally works a night shift from 11:00 pm to 7:00 am and sleeps from 8:00 am to 3:00 pm.
- D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are considered hormones when they are secreted by the adrenal medulla and neurotransmitters when they are secreted by nerve cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Epinephrine and norepinephrine are classified as hormones when secreted by the adrenal medulla and as neurotransmitters when released by nerve cells.
Which of the following structures lies posterior to body of pancreas:
- A. IVC
- B. Portal vein
- C. Common bile duct
- D. Splenic vein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Splenic vein. The splenic vein lies posterior to the body of the pancreas. Step 1: Locate the pancreas in the abdominal cavity. Step 2: Identify the structures behind the body of the pancreas. Step 3: The splenic vein runs posterior to the body of the pancreas, making it the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect because A: IVC is located more inferiorly, B: Portal vein is located more superiorly, and C: Common bile duct is located more anteriorly to the body of the pancreas.
Which is WRONG about dopamine:
- A. Is effective orally
- B. Metabolized by MAO and COMT mainly
- C. Excreted in urine as vanillylmandelic acid
- D. Stimulates α, β1, and D receptors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because dopamine is not effective orally due to its inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Dopamine is mainly metabolized by MAO and COMT enzymes (B). It is primarily excreted in the urine as homovanillic acid, not vanillylmandelic acid (C). Dopamine stimulates dopamine receptors (D), not α, β1, and D receptors.
Which statement best describes atherosclerotic disease affecting the cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and peripheral vascular systems in patients with diabetes?
- A. It can be prevented by tight glucose control.
- B. It occurs with a higher frequency and earlier onset than in the nondiabetic population.
- C. It is caused by the hyperinsulinemia related to insulin resistance common in type 2 diabetes.
- D. It cannot be modified by reduction of risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and high fat intake.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atherosclerotic disease develops earlier and more frequently in diabetic patients due to the effects of hyperglycemia and related risk factors.
Non-selective β-blockers are contraindicated in:
- A. Angina of effort
- B. Systemic hypertension
- C. Peripheral vascular disease
- D. Thyrotoxicosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Peripheral vascular disease. Non-selective β-blockers can cause vasoconstriction and exacerbate peripheral vascular disease by reducing blood flow to the extremities. This can lead to worsening symptoms and potential tissue damage. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because non-selective β-blockers are commonly used in angina of effort, systemic hypertension, and thyrotoxicosis, respectively, to decrease heart rate and blood pressure.