Nokea
Non-selective β-blockers are contraindicated in:
- A. Angina of effort
- B. Systemic hypertension
- C. Peripheral vascular disease
- D. Thyrotoxicosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Peripheral vascular disease. Non-selective β-blockers can cause vasoconstriction and exacerbate peripheral vascular disease by reducing blood flow to the extremities. This can lead to worsening symptoms and potential tissue damage. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because non-selective β-blockers are commonly used in angina of effort, systemic hypertension, and thyrotoxicosis, respectively, to decrease heart rate and blood pressure.
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In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.
- A. the cellʹs sensitivity reaction
- B. cellular affinity
- C. up-regulation
- D. a reaction to a stressor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Up-regulation refers to the process where cells increase the number of receptors in response to increased hormone levels.
Step 2: This allows cells to become more sensitive to the hormone and maintain homeostasis.
Step 3: The other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the phenomenon of up-regulation.
Step 4: Option A refers to sensitivity reaction in general, not specifically related to hormone receptors.
Step 5: Option B does not accurately describe the process of increasing receptor numbers.
Step 6: Option D mentions a reaction to a stressor, which is not directly related to the regulation of hormone receptors.
Which of the following is the most reliable thyroid function test to diagnose hyperthyroidism in an older adult?
- A. Serum T3 level
- B. Glucose tolerance test
- C. Cosyntropin
- D. Iodine tolerance test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Serum T3 levels are the most reliable test to diagnose hyperthyroidism in older adults, as thyroid hormone levels are often altered in this population.
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.
- A. testosterone
- B. estrogen
- C. cortisol
- D. epinephrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte and fluid balance, with aldosterone being the primary mineralocorticoid. Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism and immune response, with cortisol being the primary glucocorticoid. Therefore, the correct answer is C: cortisol. Testosterone (A) and estrogen (B) are sex hormones, not corticosteroids. Epinephrine (D) is a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, not a corticosteroid.
What gland is located just superior to the kidneys?
- A. Pituitary.
- B. Adrenal.
- C. Pancreas.
- D. ovaries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenal. The adrenal glands are located just superior to the kidneys. They are responsible for producing important hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. The pituitary gland (choice A) is located at the base of the brain, the pancreas (choice C) is located in the abdomen, and the ovaries (choice D) are located in the pelvic region. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not correspond to the anatomical location specified in the question.
The only endocrine glands that lay dormant during childhood to activate at puberty are the:
- A. pancreas
- B. adrenal glands
- C. thyroid gland
- D. ovaries and testes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the ovaries and testes are the only endocrine glands that are dormant during childhood and activate at puberty to produce sex hormones. The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone in females, while the testes produce testosterone in males. This activation is essential for the development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive functions.
Pancreas (choice A), adrenal glands (choice B), and thyroid gland (choice C) are all active during childhood and do not specifically activate at puberty. The pancreas regulates blood sugar levels, the adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol, and the thyroid gland regulates metabolism. Hence, choices A, B, and C are incorrect in the context of endocrine glands that lay dormant during childhood to activate at puberty.