Nokea
Which of the following structures lies posterior to body of pancreas:
- A. IVC
- B. Portal vein
- C. Common bile duct
- D. Splenic vein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Splenic vein. The splenic vein lies posterior to the body of the pancreas. Step 1: Locate the pancreas in the abdominal cavity. Step 2: Identify the structures behind the body of the pancreas. Step 3: The splenic vein runs posterior to the body of the pancreas, making it the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect because A: IVC is located more inferiorly, B: Portal vein is located more superiorly, and C: Common bile duct is located more anteriorly to the body of the pancreas.
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Which of the following is concerned with “sugar, salt, and sex�
- A. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline
- B. Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin
- C. ICSH, FSH, and LH
- D. Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen. Glucocorticoid is involved in sugar metabolism, mineralocorticoid in salt balance, and androgen in sex hormone regulation. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline (A) are related to the fight-or-flight response. Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin (B) are involved in metabolic regulation and immune responses. ICSH, FSH, and LH (C) are reproductive hormones. So, the correct answer D is the only set that includes hormones directly related to sugar, salt, and sex.
Which division of the nervous system sends signals to the adrenal glands during moments of danger?
- A. Central nervous system
- B. Sympathetic division
- C. Parasympathetic division
- D. Peripheral nervous system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sympathetic division. This division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response during moments of danger. When an individual perceives a threat, the sympathetic division activates to prepare the body for action, including sending signals to the adrenal glands to release adrenaline and cortisol, which help increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and transmitting information within the body, but it does not directly send signals to the adrenal glands.
C: The parasympathetic division is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" functions and works in opposition to the sympathetic division. It does not send signals to the adrenal glands during moments of danger.
D: The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, including sensory and motor nerves, but it does not specifically send signals
A 38-year-old farmer is brought to the emergency room by his wife with symptoms of sudden difficulty breathing, sweatiness, and anxiety. He was spraying insecticide when this happened. It has been 25 minutes since the symptoms started. The patient is emergently intubated and given atropine and another medication that acts to reactivate acetylcholinesterase. What medication is it?
- A. Physostigmine
- B. Propranolol
- C. Pralidoxime
- D. Phenylephrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pralidoxime. Pralidoxime is used to reactivate acetylcholinesterase in cases of organophosphate poisoning, which is likely the cause of the patient's symptoms after spraying insecticide. Reactivating acetylcholinesterase helps to break down excess acetylcholine, reducing the toxic effects of the insecticide. Physostigmine (choice A) is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which would worsen the patient's condition. Propranolol (choice B) is a beta-blocker and does not address the underlying issue of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Phenylephrine (choice D) is a sympathomimetic drug used for vasoconstriction and would not be appropriate in this scenario.
Steroid hormones function by binding to receptor proteins within the ________. Once the hormone binds to a receptor, it activates ______.
- A. nucleus: a second messenger
- B. nucleus: particular genes
- C. plasma membrane: a second messenger
- D. plasma membrane: particular genes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because steroid hormones bind to receptor proteins in the nucleus, forming a hormone-receptor complex that directly influences the expression of specific genes. This process leads to the activation or repression of particular genes, resulting in changes in cellular functions. Choices A and C are incorrect because steroid hormones do not bind to receptors in the plasma membrane or use second messengers for signal transduction. Choice D is incorrect as steroid hormones do not directly regulate genes at the plasma membrane level.
Botulism is a serious and sometimes fatal disorder caused by Botulinum toxin. How is Botulinum toxin exerting its effects?
- A. Massive release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla
- B. Blockade of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
- C. Stimulation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme
- D. Blockade of acetylcholine release from all cholinergic nerves
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Blockade of acetylcholine release from all cholinergic nerves. Botulinum toxin exerts its effects by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions. This leads to muscle paralysis, which is a characteristic feature of botulism.
A: Massive release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla is incorrect because botulinum toxin does not affect the adrenal medulla or adrenaline release.
B: Blockade of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors is incorrect because botulinum toxin does not directly block adrenergic receptors.
C: Stimulation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme is incorrect because botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholine release rather than stimulating acetylcholinesterase.
In summary, the correct answer D directly correlates with the mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin, while the other choices are unrelated to how Botulinum toxin exerts