Nokea
What gland is located just superior to the kidneys?
- A. Pituitary.
- B. Adrenal.
- C. Pancreas.
- D. ovaries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenal. The adrenal glands are located just superior to the kidneys. They are responsible for producing important hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. The pituitary gland (choice A) is located at the base of the brain, the pancreas (choice C) is located in the abdomen, and the ovaries (choice D) are located in the pelvic region. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not correspond to the anatomical location specified in the question.
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Which of the following is the most reliable thyroid function test to diagnose hyperthyroidism in an older adult?
- A. Serum T3 level
- B. Glucose tolerance test
- C. Cosyntropin
- D. Iodine tolerance test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Serum T3 levels are the most reliable test to diagnose hyperthyroidism in older adults, as thyroid hormone levels are often altered in this population.
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?
- A. short chain fatty acids
- B. calcium
- C. vitamin K
- D. oligosaccharides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: short chain fatty acids. Short chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed in the colon through passive diffusion. The colon plays a crucial role in absorbing these fatty acids due to its high concentration of beneficial gut bacteria that break down dietary fiber into short chain fatty acids. Calcium is mainly absorbed in the small intestine, vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine and partially in the colon, and oligosaccharides are mainly broken down by enzymes in the small intestine.
Dobutamine is used in the treatment of:
- A. Hypertension
- B. Heart failure
- C. Glaucoma
- D. Arrhythmia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dobutamine is a positive inotrope that increases cardiac contractility, making it a suitable choice for treating heart failure by improving cardiac output. It is not typically used for hypertension, glaucoma, or arrhythmias. Hypertension is usually managed with antihypertensive medications like ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers. Glaucoma is treated with medications that reduce intraocular pressure. Arrhythmias are commonly managed with antiarrhythmic drugs or procedures such as ablation. Therefore, choice B, heart failure, is the correct answer for the use of dobutamine.
Botulism is a serious and sometimes fatal disorder caused by Botulinum toxin. How is Botulinum toxin exerting its effects?
- A. Massive release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla
- B. Blockade of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
- C. Stimulation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme
- D. Blockade of acetylcholine release from all cholinergic nerves
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Blockade of acetylcholine release from all cholinergic nerves. Botulinum toxin exerts its effects by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions. This leads to muscle paralysis, which is a characteristic feature of botulism.
A: Massive release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla is incorrect because botulinum toxin does not affect the adrenal medulla or adrenaline release.
B: Blockade of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors is incorrect because botulinum toxin does not directly block adrenergic receptors.
C: Stimulation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme is incorrect because botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholine release rather than stimulating acetylcholinesterase.
In summary, the correct answer D directly correlates with the mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin, while the other choices are unrelated to how Botulinum toxin exerts
For the patient with pheochromocytoma, what physical assessment technique should you instruct the LPN/LVN to avoid?
- A. Palpation of the abdomen
- B. Auscultation of lung sounds
- C. Inspection of the skin for lesions
- D. Checking the peripheral pulses
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Palpation of the abdomen should be avoided in patients with pheochromocytoma, as it can trigger the release of catecholamines and cause a hypertensive crisis.