Nokea
In general, beta blockers produce all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. Decrease blood pressure
- B. Propranolol is extensively metabolized in the liver
- C. Atenolol is eliminated mainly unchanged in urine
- D. They increase renin activity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: They increase renin activity. Beta blockers block beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to decreased renin secretion and ultimately decreased renin activity. This results in reduced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, leading to decreased blood pressure. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because beta blockers are known to decrease blood pressure, propranolol is extensively metabolized in the liver, and atenolol is eliminated mainly unchanged in urine.
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Which statement about catalysts is correct?
- A. They decrease the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are unchanged at the end of the reaction.
- B. They decrease the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are used up in the reaction.
- C. They increase the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are unchanged at the end of the reaction.
- D. They increase the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are used up in the reaction.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Catalysts decrease the activation energy required for a reaction, speeding up the reaction without being consumed in the process. They provide an alternative pathway for the reaction to proceed, facilitating the reaction without being altered themselves. This is why they are unchanged at the end of the reaction. Choice B is incorrect because catalysts are not used up in the reaction. Choices C and D are also incorrect as catalysts do not increase the time taken for a reaction to finish nor are they consumed in the reaction.
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?
- A. short chain fatty acids
- B. calcium
- C. vitamin K
- D. oligosaccharides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: short chain fatty acids. Short chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed in the colon through passive diffusion. The colon plays a crucial role in absorbing these fatty acids due to its high concentration of beneficial gut bacteria that break down dietary fiber into short chain fatty acids. Calcium is mainly absorbed in the small intestine, vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine and partially in the colon, and oligosaccharides are mainly broken down by enzymes in the small intestine.
Iodine is:
- A. used by the adenohypophysis to synthesize TSH.
- B. necessary for the synthesis of calcitonin by the thyroid gland.
- C. necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
- D. necessary for the synthesis of both PTH and calcitonin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the thyroid gland. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism and growth. Choice A is incorrect because the adenohypophysis produces TSH, not iodine. Choice B is incorrect because calcitonin is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and does not require iodine for its synthesis. Choice D is incorrect because PTH (parathyroid hormone) is produced by the parathyroid glands and does not require iodine for its synthesis.
Failure of the pituitary to stop producing growth hormone after body growth is completed results in _______.
- A. Gigantism
- B. Tetany
- C. Kidney failure
- D. Acromegaly
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acromegaly. After body growth is completed, excess growth hormone causes the bones and soft tissues to continue growing abnormally, leading to enlarged hands, feet, and facial features. Gigantism occurs before growth plates close, resulting in overall increased body size. Tetany is caused by low calcium levels, not excess growth hormone. Kidney failure is unrelated to pituitary hormone regulation.
The normal response to increased serum osmolality is the release of
- A. aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which stimulates sodium excretion by the kidney.
- B. ADH from the posterior pituitary gland, which stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water.
- C. mineralocorticoids from the adrenal gland, which stimulate the kidney to excrete potassium.
- D. calcitonin from the thyroid gland, which increases bone resorption and decreases serum calcium levels.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys when serum osmolality increases.