Nokea
ahmed 2 months old come to emergency department with epistaxis and prolong PTT, clotting and bleeding time , what you suspect ahmed have :
- A. thalassemia
- B. hemophilia
- C. leukemia
- D. sickle anemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ahmed is presenting with epistaxis (nosebleed) and prolonged PTT (partial thromboplastin time), clotting time, and bleeding time, which are indicative of a bleeding disorder. Given the symptoms and lab findings, hemophilia is the most likely cause. Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by deficiency or dysfunction of clotting factors, particularly Factor VIII (hemophilia A) or Factor IX (hemophilia B). Patients with hemophilia often present with spontaneous bleeding episodes, such as nosebleeds, bruising, and prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery. Thalassemia, leukemia, and sickle cell anemia are not associated with prolonged clotting times and bleeding presentations, making hemophilia the most appropriate choice in this scenario.
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The nurse is assisting the family of a child with a history of encopresis. Which should be included in the nurse's discussion with this family?
- A. Instruct the parents to sit the child on the toilet at twice-daily routine intervals.
- B. Instruct the parents that the child will probably need to have daily enemas.
- C. Suggest the use of stimulant cathartics weekly.
- D. Reassure the family that most problems are resolved successfully, with some relapses during periods of stress.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The most appropriate response for the nurse to include in the discussion with the family of a child with a history of encopresis is to reassure them that most problems are resolved successfully, with some relapses during periods of stress. Encopresis is a common disorder in childhood, characterized by the repeated passage of feces in inappropriate places. It is often related to chronic constipation and fecal impaction. Treatment for encopresis includes addressing the underlying constipation through interventions like dietary changes, behavioral therapies, and possibly medications. It is important for the nurse to educate the family that although it may take time and effort, most children improve with treatment. Reassuring the family that relapses during periods of stress are to be expected can help to alleviate some of their anxiety and encourage them to continue with the treatment plan.
The nurse is caring for a 32-year old client admitted with pernicious anemia. Which set of findings should the nurse expect when assessing the client?
- A. Pallor, bradycardia, and reduced pule
- B. Sore tongue, dyspnea, and weight gain
- C. Angina, double vision, and anorexia
- D. Pallor, tachycardia, and a sore tongue
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pernicious anemia is a type of megaloblastic anemia caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12, essential for the production of red blood cells. The characteristic findings associated with pernicious anemia include pallor due to decreased red blood cells, tachycardia as the heart compensates for decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, and a sore tongue (glossitis) due to vitamin B12 deficiency affecting the oral mucosa. Therefore, the nurse should expect to find pallor, tachycardia, and a sore tongue when assessing a client with pernicious anemia.
The knows that a positive diagnosis for HIV infection is made based on; a.A history of high-risk sexual behaviors
- A. Positive ELISA and Western blot tests
- B. Evidence of extreme weight loss and high fever
- C. Identification of an associated opportunistic infection
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The definitive diagnosis of HIV infection is made based on the detection of specific antibodies in the blood. The most commonly used tests for this purpose are ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and Western blot. A positive result on both tests confirms the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood, indicating an active HIV infection. High-risk sexual behaviors, extreme weight loss, and opportunistic infections may raise suspicion for HIV infection, but a positive diagnosis is confirmed through specific laboratory tests like ELISA and Western blot.
recurrent urinary tract infection in children cause:
- A. arthritis
- B. recurrent rash
- C. growth disturbance
- D. behavioral disturbances
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children can potentially cause growth disturbance. UTIs in children can result in poor weight gain, failure to thrive, and reduced height due to the stress and inflammatory response on the body. Chronic inflammation from recurrent UTIs can affect a child's overall health and development, leading to growth disturbances. It is essential to promptly treat and prevent recurrent UTIs in children to avoid potential long-term complications such as growth disturbances. Arthritis, recurrent rash, and behavioral disturbances are not typically associated with recurrent UTIs in children.
A nurse is teaching a parent about administration of iron supplements to a 7-month-old infant. Which should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Administer the iron supplement with a dropper toward the side and to the back of the mouth
- B. Administer the iron supplement with feedings.
- C. Your infant's stools may look tarry green.
- D. Your infant may have some diarrhea initially.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Administer the iron supplement with a dropper toward the side and to the back of the mouth: This instruction helps ensure that the iron supplement bypasses the taste buds on the front of the tongue, which may reduce the likelihood of a strong taste causing rejection or spitting out by the infant.