Nokea
All are correct except:
- A. Spotted fevers can be caused by Rickettsia mooseri and Rickettsia provazekii
- B. The Q-fever is transmitted only after ticks bite
- C. The Mediterranean fever is present with maculopapular rash
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Q-fever is not transmitted only after ticks bite; it can also be transmitted through inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Rickettsia mooseri and Rickettsia provazekii can cause spotted fevers, making choice A correct. Mediterranean fever is associated with a recurrent pattern of fever, not maculopapular rash, making choice C incorrect. "None of the above" is not correct in this case as choice B is incorrect.
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Patients with similar complaints applied to the doctor: weakness, pain in the intestines, disorder of GIT. Examination of the feces revealed that one patient with four nucleus cysts should be hospitalized immediately. For what protozoa are such cysts typical?
- A. Lamblia
- B. Dysenteric amoeba
- C. Balantidium
- D. Trichomonas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dysenteric amoeba.
1. Dysenteric amoeba causes amoebiasis, which presents with symptoms like weakness, intestinal pain, and gastrointestinal disorders.
2. The presence of four-nucleus cysts in the feces indicates an infection with Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis.
3. Multiple-nucleus cysts are characteristic of Entamoeba histolytica, distinguishing it from other protozoa.
4. Lamblia (choice A), Balantidium (choice C), and Trichomonas (choice D) are not associated with four-nucleus cysts or the mentioned symptoms, making them incorrect choices.
The mold that produces penicillin is an example of:
- A. parasitism
- B. mutualism
- C. commensalism
- D. amensalism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: amensalism. Penicillin mold produces a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria, but it does not benefit nor harm the bacteria directly. This relationship is characterized by one organism (the mold) negatively affecting another (the bacteria) without any benefit or harm to itself. In parasitism (A), one organism benefits at the expense of another. In mutualism (B), both organisms benefit from the relationship. In commensalism (C), one organism benefits while the other is unaffected. Therefore, the mold producing penicillin fits the definition of amensalism.
A patient with a productive cough and fever had a sputum smear revealing Gram-positive cocci in clusters. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Neisseria meningitidis
- D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive cocci bacterium that forms clusters and commonly causes pneumonia with a productive cough and fever. It is frequently found in sputum smears in such cases. Streptococcus pneumoniae (B) is another common cause of pneumonia but typically appears in pairs or chains, not clusters. Neisseria meningitidis (C) is a Gram-negative diplococcus that causes meningitis, not pneumonia. Klebsiella pneumoniae (D) is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause pneumonia but appears as Gram-negative rods, not Gram-positive cocci in clusters.
Which statement for immunomodulators is correct
- A. they can only stimulate the incomplete humoral and immune response
- B. Isoniazid is a very effective immunomodulator
- C. they can be natural and artificial compounds
- D. they can only suppress the incomplete humoral and immune response
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
Choice C is correct because immunomodulators can indeed be natural (e.g., cytokines) or artificial compounds (e.g., synthetic peptides). They work by modulating the immune response, enhancing or suppressing it as needed.
Choice A is incorrect because immunomodulators can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses.
Choice B is incorrect as isoniazid is primarily an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis, not an immunomodulator.
Choice D is incorrect because immunomodulators can have varying effects on the immune response, not just suppress it.
The complex of non-specific innate defense factors acting against number of infectious agents is known as:
- A. Adaptive immunity
- B. Immune memory
- C. Antibody
- D. Innate immunity (natural resistance)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Innate immunity (natural resistance). Innate immunity refers to the non-specific defense mechanisms that act against a variety of infectious agents. This includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular components like phagocytes and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity (A) is specific and involves the production of antibodies and immune memory (B), which are not part of the initial non-specific response. Antibodies (C) are part of the adaptive immune response and are produced in response to specific pathogens, not part of the non-specific innate defense factors.