Nokea
All are features of diabetic ketoacidosis except:
- A. Hyperthermia
- B. Drowsiness
- C. Dehydration
- D. Air hunger
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hyperthermia is not a typical feature of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is typically characterized by high blood sugar levels, ketone accumulation, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, drowsiness, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness. Common symptoms include drowsiness, dehydration, and air hunger (deep and rapid breathing). However, hyperthermia, which refers to an elevated body temperature, is not a characteristic typically associated with DKA. It is important to monitor and manage DKA promptly as it is a serious complication of diabetes that requires immediate medical attention.
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Which test is used to evaluate blood glucose levels over the previous 2 months?
- A. Methemoglobin
- B. Hemoglobin A1c
- C. Fasting blood sugar
- D. C peptide protein
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hemoglobin A1c, also known as HbA1c or glycated hemoglobin, is a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 2 to 3 months. This test is useful in monitoring long-term blood glucose control in individuals with diabetes. Hemoglobin A1c provides an indication of how well blood glucose levels have been controlled over time, reflecting the average blood sugar levels during the lifespan of red blood cells, which is typically around 2 to 3 months. A higher Hemoglobin A1c level indicates poorer blood glucose control and an increased risk of diabetes complications.
All of the following are associated with hyperuricemia except:
- A. Cardiovascular disease
- B. Gouty arthritis
- C. Nephrolithiasis
- D. Peripheral neuropathy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hyperuricemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. This can lead to the formation of urate crystals, which are responsible for various health problems. The three main conditions associated with hyperuricemia are cardiovascular disease (A), gouty arthritis (B), and nephrolithiasis (C).
Sheehan's syndrome presents with:
- A. Cardiac failure
- B. Persistent lactation
- C. Fever
- D. Striking cachexia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Sheehan's syndrome, also known as postpartum hypopituitarism, is a condition characterized by pituitary gland dysfunction due to severe blood loss during childbirth, resulting in ischemic necrosis of the pituitary gland. As a consequence of pituitary hormone deficiency, one of the hallmark manifestations of Sheehan's syndrome is persistent lactation despite stopping breastfeeding. This occurs due to inadequate prolactin inhibition, leading to continuous milk production. Other common symptoms of Sheehan's syndrome include fatigue, weight loss, menstrual irregularities, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and other pituitary hormone deficiencies. Cardiac failure, fever, and striking cachexia are not typical presentations associated with Sheehan's syndrome.
Which one of the following statements is true regarding the prevalence of acromegaly?
- A. Acromegaly affects a similar number of men and women
- B. Acromegaly affects twice as many women than men
- C. Acromegaly affects twice as many men than it does women
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder where excess growth hormone is produced, leading to the enlargement of bones and tissues. The prevalence of acromegaly is higher in men compared to women, with a ratio of about two men affected for every woman. This gender difference is believed to be due to the impact of sex hormones on the development and progression of the condition. While acromegaly can affect both men and women, men are more commonly diagnosed with the disorder.
Which of the following is the underlying problem in neurogenic diabetes insipidus?
- A. Overproduction of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
- B. Lack of oxytocin
- C. Overproduction of oxytocin
- D. Overproduction of prolactin
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: Neurogenic diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by a deficiency of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). Vasopressin is responsible for regulating the body's water balance by controlling the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. In neurogenic diabetes insipidus, there is a problem with either the production, release, or action of vasopressin, leading to excessive urination and thirst. This condition can be caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, which are involved in producing and releasing vasopressin. Symptoms of neurogenic diabetes insipidus include frequent urination, excessive thirst, and dehydration.