Nokea
All of the following are cardiovascular actions of noradrenaline EXCEPT:
- A. Increases systolic blood pressure
- B. Increases diastolic blood pressure
- C. Reflex bradycardia
- D. Constriction of coronary blood vessels
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Noradrenaline acts on alpha receptors in the cardiovascular system, leading to increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It also causes reflex bradycardia by activating baroreceptors. However, noradrenaline does not directly constrict coronary blood vessels, as it primarily acts on alpha receptors and not on coronary vessels. This lack of direct effect on coronary blood vessels is why option D is the correct answer.
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A patient with a recent drug poisoning is transported to the emergency department. The physician orders (correctly, in this case) administration of pralidoxime as part of the comprehensive emergency treatment plan. Which one of the following best describes who the patient was?
- A. A 13-year-old boy who took an overdose of amphetamine for his ADD/ADHD
- B. A 43-year-old who took an overdose of neostigmine, prescribed for her myasthenia gravis, in a suicide attempt
- C. A 6-year-old who got into the family medicine cabinet and took 10 'adult doses' of her dad's prazosin
- D. A farm/field worker accidentally doused with insecticide from an overflying crop-duster plane
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because pralidoxime is used to treat poisoning from organophosphate insecticides, which are commonly used in agriculture. The patient is likely a farm/field worker who was accidentally exposed to insecticide.
A: Amphetamine poisoning does not require pralidoxime.
B: Neostigmine is not an organophosphate insecticide.
C: Prazosin is not an organophosphate insecticide and is unlikely to require pralidoxime in this context.
In summary, the correct answer is D because the patient's exposure to insecticide aligns with the indication for pralidoxime use, while the other choices involve different substances that do not require pralidoxime treatment.
Which row identifies the product at each electrode?
- A. bromide ions, lead ions
- B. bromine, lead
- C. lead ions, bromide ions
- D. lead, bromine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because lead is the product at the cathode (negative electrode) during electrolysis, while bromine is the product at the anode (positive electrode). Lead is reduced at the cathode to form lead metal, and bromine is oxidized at the anode to form bromine gas. This is in line with the general rule that cations are attracted to the cathode and are reduced, while anions are attracted to the anode and are oxidized.
Choice A is incorrect as bromide ions are reduced at the cathode, not lead ions. Choice B is incorrect because bromine is produced at the anode, not lead. Choice C is incorrect because lead ions are reduced at the cathode, not bromide ions.
Propranolol is contraindicated in:
- A. Angina pectoris
- B. Bronchial asthma
- C. Hypertension
- D. Arrhythmia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that can cause bronchoconstriction, making it contraindicated in bronchial asthma. It can worsen asthma symptoms by blocking beta-2 receptors in the lungs. Angina pectoris, hypertension, and arrhythmia are conditions where propranolol is commonly used due to its beta-blocking effects on the heart and blood vessels.
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for __________.
- A. ACTH
- B. growth hormone
- C. thyroxin
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: POMC is processed into various peptide hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol. This is why option A is correct. Growth hormone, thyroxin, and insulin are not derived from POMC, making options B, C, and D incorrect.
The primary role of the parathyroid gland is:
- A. To maintain metabolic homeostasis
- B. To regulate serum calcium levels
- C. To send hormonal signals to other endocrine glands
- D. To receive hormonal signals from the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: To regulate serum calcium levels. The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium levels in the blood. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines, and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the primary function of the parathyroid gland is specifically related to calcium regulation, not general metabolic homeostasis, signaling to other glands, or receiving signals from the hypothalamus.