All of the following are components of saliva EXCEPT?
- A. Mucin
- B. Pepsin
- C. Amylase
- D. IgA antibodies
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pepsin is not a component of saliva; it is found in the stomach where it helps digest proteins. Saliva contains mucin, amylase, and IgA antibodies.
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All enzymes involved in protein digestion are:
- A. secreted by the pancreas
- B. activated by HCl
- C. present in the stomach
- D. secreted in an inactive form
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Protein-digesting enzymes like pepsinogen and trypsinogen are secreted in an inactive form and activated later.
Which of the following would MOST directly affect the operations of the digestive system?
- A. osteoporosis
- B. liver damage
- C. heart attack
- D. kidney failure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Liver damage directly impacts digestion by reducing bile production, essential for fat breakdown.
Match each term with the correct description: organ that holds urine until it leaves the body
- A. urethra
- B. urinary system
- C. bladder
- D. kidneys
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The bladder stores urine until it is excreted.
Which process matches the definition: The process of taking food, drink or other substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it?
- A. Assimilation
- B. Ingestion
- C. Absorption
- D. Motility
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ingestion is the act of taking food into the body via the mouth.
The cells of the epithelial lining in the vertebrate stomach are not damaged by HCl because of
- A. Mucus secretion covering the epithelium
- B. Neutralization of HCl by alkaline gastric juice
- C. HCl being dilute
- D. Epithelium being resistant to HCl
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mucus secreted by gastric cells forms a protective barrier against HCl, preventing damage to the stomach lining.
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