Nokea
How is food processed to distribute nutrients to the body's cells?
- A. Ingested, digested, absorbed, assimilated
- B. Absorbed directly from the mouth
- C. Excreted immediately
- D. Stored in the stomach indefinitely
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Food is ingested (taken in), digested (broken down), absorbed (taken into blood), and assimilated (distributed to cells).
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Saliva contains two enzymes. What are they?
- A. Amylase and pepsin
- B. Amylase and lysozyme
- C. Amylase and lipase
- D. Amylase and renin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Saliva contains salivary amylase (ptyalin) for starch digestion and lysozyme for antibacterial action. Pepsin is in the stomach, lipase is mainly pancreatic, and renin is unrelated to saliva.
A 55-year-old male presents with a history of recurring episodes of gastric pain, particularly after meals. He describes the pain as a burning sensation in the upper abdomen, which improves with antiacid use. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy reveals erosions in the duodenal mucosa. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Gastric ulcer
- B. Duodenal ulcer
- C. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- D. Gastric adenocarcinoma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Duodenal ulcers typically present with burning epigastric pain after meals, relieved by antacids, and are associated with mucosal erosions in the duodenum, as seen on endoscopy.
Match each term with the correct description: organ that holds urine until it leaves the body
- A. urethra
- B. urinary system
- C. bladder
- D. kidneys
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The bladder stores urine until it is excreted.
What waste does the integumentary system remove from the body?
- A. liquid waste
- B. carbon dioxide
- C. salt and water
- D. urea
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The integumentary system, via sweat glands, removes salt and water through perspiration.
Which layer of GI tract forms the innermost lining and continuously secretes mucus?
- A. serosa
- B. muscularis externa
- C. muscularis mucosa
- D. mucosa
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract, lined with epithelial cells that secrete mucus to protect the tract and lubricate food passage.